Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The Cell > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three phases of defence response?

A
  • recognition
  • activation
  • effector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two general types of defence?

A
  • nonspecific defenses (innate)
  • specific defenses (adaptive)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what parts of the human body important for the defense system?

A

lymphoid tissues:
* thymus
* bone marrow
* spleen
* lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type white blood cells can be found in lymph nodes?

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of cells myeloid progenitor cells give rise to?

A
  • RBCs
  • platelets
  • white blood cells (phagocytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two main types of white blood cells?

A
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the name of WBCs that releases histamine and may promote development of T cells?

A

Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the name of WBCs that kills antibody-coated parasites?

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the name of WBCs that stimulates inflammation?

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the name of WBCs that releases histamine when damaged?

A

mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the name of WBCs that develop into macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the name of WBCs that engulfs and digest microorganisms and activates T cells?

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the name of WBCs that present antibodies to T cells?

A

dendritic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of WBCs lymphoid progenitor cell develop into?

A

B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the name of WBCs that differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells?

A

B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the name of WBCs that kill virus-infected cells and regulates activities of other WBCs?

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the name of WBCs that attacks and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells?

A

natural killer body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the key four proteins involved in the immune system?

A
  • antibodies
  • major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
  • T-cell receptors
  • cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the primary nonspecific defense?

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the nonspecific defense carried out by bacteria and fungi living on body surface?

A

normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the nonspecific defenses that contain lysozyme?

A

tears, nasal mucus and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the nonspecific defense that produces defensins?

A

mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what kills the pathogens in the digest tract?

A

gastric juices or bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the complement system?

A

antimicrobial proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do the complement proteins work?

A
  • mark microbes for phagocytes
  • activate inflammation response
  • lyse invading cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are interfrons?

A

signaling molecules produced by infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do interferons work?

A
  • inhibit viral reproduction in neighbouring cells
  • stimulate cells to hydrolyze pathogen’s proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how do natural killer cells work?

A
  • initiate apoptosis
  • lyse cells labeled by antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is tumor necrosis factor?

A

cytokine that kills target cells and activates immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does prostaglandin do?

A
  • dilate blood vessels
  • interact with nerve (pain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what substance is responsible for the rising temperature after infection?

A

cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does aspirin work to alleviate inflammation?

A

inhibits an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the receptor responsible for the transduction pathway of pathogens?

A

toll-like receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the protein produced by macrophages that initiates a cascade to activate transcription factors for defensive proteins?

A

CD14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the four key traits of the specific immune system?

A
  • specificity
  • ability to distinguish self from non-self
  • diversity
  • memory
36
Q

what is the non-self molecules that T-cell receptors identify?

A

antigens

37
Q

what are the specific sites on the antigen called?

A

antigenic determinants (epitopes)

38
Q

what does the immune system identify as a foreign and what does it identify as a self body?

A
  • foreign has an antigen
  • self has a MHC
39
Q

what are the types of the specific immune system?

A
  • Humoral immune response (B cells and antibodies)
  • Cellular immune response (cytotoxic T cells)
40
Q

what type of cells integrate the two types of the specific immune systems?

A

T-helper cells

41
Q

what are the two types of cells that lymphocytes produce after being activated?

A
  • Effector cells
  • Memory cells
42
Q

what is clonal selection?

A

the activation of a lymphocyte by binding to an antigen triggers the proliferation of that same lymphocytes to eliminate the foreign body.

43
Q

what is the difference between the primary and secondary immune responses?

A

the secondary response is faster and stronger due to the fast recognition of the antigen by memory cells.

44
Q

what are the three ways of modifying pathogens for vaccination?

A
  • inactivation by heat or chemicals
  • attenuation of virulence by inducing mutations
  • recombinant DNA technology
45
Q

what is clonal deletion?

A

immature lymphocytes that might recognise own antigens undergo apoptosis.

46
Q

what triggers the development of plasma cell from B cells?

A

T-helper cells binding to the same antigen that the B cell has bind to.

47
Q

during the development of plasma cells, what are the two organelles required the most?

A

ER and ribosomes for synthesis of antibodies protein

48
Q

what type of proteins antibodies are made of?

A

immunoglobulins

49
Q

what is the antibody made of?

A

light and heavy chains

50
Q

what are the regions of the antibody?

A
  • constant region
  • variable region
51
Q

true or false the two variable regions of the antibody are bivalent.

A

true

52
Q

what are the five classes of antibodies?

A
  • IgG
  • IgE
  • IgD
  • IgM
  • IgA
53
Q

what is the most abundant and soluble class of antibodies?

A

IgG

54
Q

what is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?

A

monoclonal: specific for one epitope
polyclonal: specificity for many epitopes

55
Q

what is a hybridoma?

A

B cells fused with tumor cells

56
Q

what are the uses of hybridoma?

A
  • immunoassays
  • Immunotherapy
57
Q

what is immunoassay used for?

A

detection of antigens in tissues or fluids (eg. detecting cancer)

58
Q

what is immunotherapy used for?

A

treatment for cancer (antibody coupled with toxic or radioactive ligands)

59
Q

what type of cells are involved in cellular immune response?

A
  • T-helper cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
    MHC protein involved
60
Q

true or false. the two chains receptor in the plasma membrane of the T cell are encoded by a single gene.

A

false

61
Q

what happens when the t cell bind to an antigen?

A

t cell proliferate to cytotoxic and helper t cells

62
Q

what is the role of the major histocompatibility complex in the cellular immune response?

A

it presents the antigen to t cells

63
Q

what is the surface protein in t cells that binds to MHC I?

A

CD8

64
Q

what is the surface protein in t cells that binds to MHC II?

A

CD4

65
Q

what happens in the activation phase in humoral response?

A
  • T-h cells bind to antigen and release cytokines.
  • cytokines causes B cell to stimulate the production of T-h cells
66
Q

what happens in the effector phase in humoral response?

A
  • T-h cells activate B cells to produce Abs
  • B cells engulf Ags and then present them via MHC
  • B cell produce plasma cells to secrete Abs
67
Q

what happens in the activation phase in cellular response?

A
  • cytotoxic t cell bind to MHC I in infected cells and proliferate in results
68
Q

what happens in the effector phase in cellular response?

A
  • cytotoxic t cells recognize infected cells and initiate lysis
69
Q

what is the substances that the cytotoxic t cells produce that triggers apoptosis in infected cells?

A

perforin

70
Q

what is the receptor that perforin bind to?

A

Fas

71
Q

what is the antigen protein that triggers the co-stimulatory signal?

A

B7

72
Q

what is the cytokine that Treg cells release?

A

Interleukin 10

73
Q

what does interleukin 10 do?

A

initiates apoptosis in cytotoxic and helper t cells that bind to self antigens

74
Q

what is the drug prescribed to organ recipients that blocks the development of t cells?

A

cyclosporine

75
Q

what gives b cells ability to have huge variety?

A

random assembly of a supergene from many possible genes.

76
Q

what is class switching?

A

b cells are able to change the class of antibodies

77
Q

during class switching, which region of the Abs change and which one stay the same?

A
  • constant region change
  • variable region stays the same
78
Q

what induces class switching in B cells?

A

t helper cells via cytokine signals

79
Q

what causes immediate hypersensitivity?

A
  • after exposure to allergens, IgE constant end binds to mast and basophils
  • Histamine is released if exposure to the allergen occurs again
80
Q

how is immediate hypersensitivity is treated?

A

desensitization

81
Q

how does desensitization work?

A
  • small amount of the allergen injected which stimulates production of IgG but not IgE
  • If the body is exposed to the allergen again, IgG bind to it before IgE
82
Q

what hypotheses created to explain autoimmunity?

A
  • failure of clonal deletion
  • molecular mimicry
83
Q

what is the main target of HIV?

A

helper t cells

84
Q

what happens after exposure to HIV?

A
  • T helper cells are activated and the virus concentration is limited.
  • Concentration of t helper cells decreases gradually as they are being killed by the virus and cytotoxic cells and with that the conc. of HIV increases
85
Q

what are the opportunistic infections?

A
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • Pneumonia
  • Lymphoma tumors
86
Q

what are the targets of HIV drugs?

A
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Vital protease

The Cell (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions