Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The Cell > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the neurons?

A
  • Soma
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • terminal boutons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many neuron in the human body?

A

100 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the three mechanisms of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. returned to axon terminals or moved to glial cells
  2. enzyme inactivate neurotransmitters
  3. neurotransmitter can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the difference between divergence and convergence?

A

Divergence: expand the signal
convergence: channel the signal down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the types of neurons?

A
  • afferent neurons
  • Efferent neurons
  • Interneurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which type of neurons carry information from periphery into nervous system?

A

Afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which type of neurons carry commands from the nervous system to muscles or glands?

A

Efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which type of neurons is mainly found in the central nervous system?

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what types of neurons required for withdrawal reflexes?

A
  • afferent neuron
  • interneurons in spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the difference between nerve net and nerve network?

A
  • nerve net: simple and small number of neurons
  • nervous system: complex, huge number of neurons, contain sub-division.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the name of paired or grouped neurons?

A

ganglia (singular. ganglion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the largest pair of ganglia?

A

two hemispheres of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the part of the nervous system that connect distant parts of organism?

A

the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the functions of the central nervous system?

A

processing centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

communication system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the main functions of glial cells?

A
  1. Support and hold neurons in place.
  2. nourishment - supply nutrients
  3. insulate neurons electrically
  4. protect from pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the different types of glial cells?

A
  • Astrocyte
  • Oligodendrocyte
  • Schwann cell
  • Microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are astrocytes found?

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which type of glial cells is star-shaped?

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • support and protect neurons
  • contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • protect brain from toxins/ drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is the capillaries in the brain different to capillaries in the rest of the body?

A

less leaky and permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what makes the blood-brain barrier?

A

cell membranes that fit together very well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the role of astrocytes in the BBB?

A

reinforce the capillaries by their sticky feet projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what can pass through the BBB?

A

fat soluble substances + alcohol + anaesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where can Schwann cells be found?

A

Periphery ony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the function of Schwann cells?

A

myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the benefits of myelin?

A
  • provides electrical insulation
  • enhances speed of electrical conductance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

impulse jumps between….

A

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the name of the jumping electrical impulse?

A

saltatory conduction

30
Q

where can Oligodendrocytes be found?

A

CNS only

31
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelination

32
Q

one oligodendrocyte coat one axon. true of false

A

false

33
Q

what disease is related to loss of myelin sheath?

A

multiple sclerosis

34
Q

what are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A
  • pins and needles
  • loss of motor function
  • visual disturbance
35
Q

where can the microglia be found?

A

CNS

36
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

immune/ inflammatory function

37
Q

why is microglia important as an immune defence for the CNS?

A

few antibodies cross the BBB

38
Q

what happens when a part of CNS is injured?

A
  • astrocytes invade injury site and attract microglia
  • Spread of injury is limited and the remaining CNS is protected.
  • A cyst (plaque or glial scare) is formed
39
Q

what is the role of the cyst in making damage to CNS permanent?

A

the cyst acts as a physical and chemical (secretes inhibitory molecules) barrier to regrowth

40
Q

why isn’t damage to PNS permanent?

A

no astrocyte of microglia present their

41
Q

what are the parts of the brain?

A
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebrum
  • Olfactory lobe
42
Q

which part of the brain controls basic, autonomic functions?

A

brain stem

43
Q

which part of the brain integrates sensory and motor movement?

A

cerebellum

44
Q

which part of the brain controls complex behaviours, emotions, learning and memory?

A

cerebrum

45
Q

what are the parts of the nervous system in the first 25 days of embryonic development?

A
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
  • spinal cord
46
Q

what are the parts of the nervous system (40 days of embryonic development)?

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
  • spinal cord
47
Q

what will the telencephalon develop into?

A

cerebrum

48
Q

what will the diencephalon develop into?

A

forebrain relay site (thalamus, hypothalamus, eye development)

49
Q

what will the hindbrain develop into?

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons and medulla
50
Q

what are the functions of the midbrain?

A
  • vision and olfaction
51
Q

what is the part of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

the corpus callosum

52
Q

how many axonal projections present in the corpus callosum?

A

200-250 million

53
Q

what is the outer layer of the cerebrum and why is it convoluted?

A

cerebral cortex, to fit into the skull

54
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

gyri (ridges) and sulci (valleys)

55
Q

what are 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
56
Q

what does it mean saying that the functions of the cerebral hemispheres work contralaterally?

A

Right hemisphere control functions of the left side of the body and vice versa

57
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • auditory processing
  • recognising and naming objects
  • identifying faces
58
Q

what is agnosia?

A

damage to the temporal lobe resulting in inability to name objects although being aware of them

59
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • contain the primary motor cortex: specific muscles contract
  • role in personality and character
  • planning
  • social conscience
  • awareness
60
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • contains the primary somatosensory cortex: sensation of touch of specific parts of the body.
  • responding
  • interpreting complex stimuli
61
Q

what causes contralateral neglect syndrome?

A

damage to right parietal lobe

62
Q

are functions carried out by the two hemispheres symmetrical?

A

no

63
Q

what are special functions carried out by the right hemisphere?

A
  • spatial perceptions
  • artistic tasks
64
Q

what are special functions carried out by the left hemisphere?

A
  • reasoning
  • data and linguistic analysis
  • numerical analysis
65
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A
  • receives and processes visual information
  • articulating what we see
  • understanding what we see
66
Q

what are the results of damaged occipital lobe?

A

loss of motion perception

67
Q

what is the function of Broca’s area?

A

word production

68
Q

what is the function of Wernick’s area?

A

interpretation

69
Q

what does damage to Wernicke’s area result in?

A

receptive aphasia

70
Q

what does damage to Broca’s area result in?

A

expressive aphasia

The Cell (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions