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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Pathogens

A

Viruses
Fungi
Bacteria
Parasites

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2
Q

4 Parts of Lymphatic System

A

Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphoid Organs
Lymphocytes/Phagocytes

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3
Q

3 Functions of Lymphatic System

A

Produce/Maintain/Distribute Lymphocytes
Return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to blood
Distribution of hormones, nutrients and waste products from tissue to circulation

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4
Q

3 Sites of lymphocytes production

A

Lymphoid Tissues (e.g. Tonsils)
Lymphoid Organs (e.g. Spleen)
Red Bone Marrow

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5
Q

Features of Lymphatic Vessel/Capillary formation

A

Lymphatic Capillaries are located between cells
Capillaries merge to form vessels

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6
Q

3 Differences between lymphatic/blood capillaries

A

Lymphatic Capillaries start as blind pockets instead of tubes
Large Diameter
Thinner Walls
Flat or irregular in sections

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7
Q

Pathway of Lympth through structures

A

Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks, lymph ducts

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8
Q

5 Important Lymph Trunks

A

Lumbar
Intestinal
Bronchomediastinal
Subclavian
Jugular

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9
Q

Lymph trunk Definition

A

Collection of Lymph Vessels carrying Lymph

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10
Q

Lymph Duct Definition

A

Structure used to empty lymph into venous system

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11
Q

2 Lypmh Ducts

A

Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct

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12
Q

3 Types of Lymphocytes

A

T Cells
B Cells
NK Cells (Natural Killer)

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13
Q

Derivation Origins of Lymphocytes

A

T Cells - Thymus-dependend
B Cells - bone marrow-derived
NK Cells - bone marrow-derived

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14
Q

Production and Distribution of T Cells (Location, Function)

A

Hemocytoblasts in Red Bone Marrow form Lymphoid Stem Cell
Lymphoid Stem Cells migrate to thymus
T Cells producted when stem cells in the presence of Thymic Hormones
Distributed to Peripheral Tissue for Cell-Mediated Immunity

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15
Q

Production and DIstribution of B Cells (Location, Function)

A

Hemocytoblasts in Red Bone Marrow form Lymphoid Stem Cell
Lumphoid Stem Cells differentiate into B Cells via Interleukin-7
Distributed to Peripheral Tissue for Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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16
Q

Production and Distribution of NK Cells (Location, Function)

A

Hemocytoblasts in Red Bone Marrow form Lymphoid Stem Cell
Differentiate into NK Cells
Distributed to Peripheral Tissues for Immunological Surveillance

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17
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues

A

Red Bone Marrow
Thymus

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18
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues

A

Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid Nodules

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19
Q

Structures of a Lymph Node

A

Medulla
Inner Cortex
Outer Cortex
Germinal Centre

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20
Q

Cells in Medulla

A

B Cells
Plasma Cells
Macrophages

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21
Q

Cells in Inner Cortex

A

T Cells
Dendrite Cells

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22
Q

Cells in Outer Cortex

A

B Cells

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23
Q

Cells in Germinal Centre

A

B Cells
Follicular Dendritic Cells
Macrophages

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24
Q

Dendritic Cell Definition

A

Type of antigen-presenting cell

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25
Route of Lymph through Lymph Node (Cell Types at each location)
Subscapular Space - Macrophages, Dendritic Cells Outer Cortex - B Cells Inner Cortex - T Cells Medulla - B Cells, Plasma Cells Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
26
Lymph Node Definition and Function
Small structure used to filter out cancer cells and infections
27
Lymphoid Nodule Definition and Function
Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages
28
Location of Lymphoid Nodules (Example)
Inbetween Mucous Membrane and underlying connective tissue in digestive system
29
Difference between lymph organs/lymph nodules
Lymph organs separated by fibrous capsule, nodules are not
30
Flow of Lymph
Interstitual Fluid Lymph Capillaries Lymph Vessels Lymph trunks Lymph Ducts Subclavan Veins
31
Functions of Lymph Node
Filter Removes Debris, Pathogens, 99% of antigens
32
Lymphadenopathy Definition
Chroninc/Excessive Enlargement of Lymph Nodes
33
3 Featuers of Non-Specific Immunity
Block/Attack any potential pathogens Present from birth No Memory
34
2 Features of Specific Immunity
Develops immunity agains specific antigen Acquired in response to antigens
35
7 Non-Specific Defenses
Physical Barriers Phagocytic Cells Immunological Surveillance (NK Cells) Interferons Complement System Inflammation Fever
36
5 Physical Barriers
Eyes Respiratory Tract Digestive Tract Skin Genitourinary Tract
37
Process of Phagocytosis
Pathogen engulfed by Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) Lysosome action produces antigenic fragments Antigenic fragments bind to Class II MHC Proteins Antigenic fragments presented on cell membrane by MHC Proteins
38
2 Classes of Phagocytes
Microphages Macrophages
39
2 Features of Microphages (Examples, Mode of Action)
Neutrophils or Eosinophils Leave the bloodstream to enter peripheral tissue to fight infection
40
3 Features of Macrophages (Examples, Distribution, Mode of Action)
Large Phagocytic Cells Distributed throughout body to make up monocyte-macrophage system May be fixed or free
41
4 Steps of Immunological Surveillance by NK Cells
NK cells recognises and binds to abnormal cell Golgi Apparatus of NK Cell realigns Perforin secretion into abnormal cell Lysis of abnormal cell occurs
42
Interferon Definition and Function
Cytokines released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages Responsible for non-specific response to viral infection
43
3 Types of Interferons (Site of production, function)
Alpha - Produced by leukocytes, stimulate NK Cells Beta - Secreted by Fibrocytes, slow inflammation Gamma - Secreted by T Cells/NK Cells, Stimulate macrophages
43
Complement System Definition
Enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism
44
Effects of Complement System
Attracts phagocytes Enhances phagocytosis Stimulates inflammation Destroys target cell membrane
45
6 Process of inflammation in Tissue Repair
Increased Blood Flow Mast Cells release histamine Neutrophils move to site Neutrophils remove debris Clot formation Activation of fibrinogen
46
Fever Definition
Increases in body temperature due to release of pyrogens
47
Pyrogen Definition
Material that causes hypothalamus to raise body temperature
48
Effects of Fever
Mobilises Defences Accelerates repair Inhibits pathogens
49
2 Divisions of Specific Immunity (Cell Type)
Cell-Mediated Immunity - T Cells Antibody-Mediated Immunity - B Cells
50
Cell-Mediated Immunity Definition
Recognises fragments of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in a certain way
51
Antibody-Mediated Immunity Definition
B Cells recognise and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid and blood plasma
52
Function and Types of MHC Proteins
Used to distinguish self and non-self antigens Class I (Self presenting) Class II (Non-self presenting)
53
Exogenous Definition
Free living antibody
54
Endogenous Definition
Antibody Inside Host Cell
55
Antigen Expression using Class I MHC
Viral/Bacterial Infection Occurs Abnormal Peptides released Class I MHC proteins incorporate abnormal peptides in Golgi Vesicle transports MHC/Peptide complex Abnormal Peptide membrane displayed on membrane
56
3 Types of T Cells (Functions)
Cytotoxic - Destroy Virally Infected Cells Helper - Stimulate T/B Cell Function Suppressor - Inhibit Function of T/B Cell
57
Clonal Selection Definition
Selection of lymphocytes from a population for its antigen specificity during immune response
58
Activation of T Helper Cell
Inactive T Helper Cell binds to presented MHC II antigen using CD4 Protein T Helper Cell becomes active Undergoes Clonal Selection (Proliferation and Differentiation) Formation of T Helper Cell Clones (Active/Memory Cells)
59
Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell
Inactive cytotoxic T Cell binds to presented MHC I antigen using CD8 Protein Costimulation by IL-2 from Helper T Cell occurs during binding Cytotoxic T Cell activates Undergoes Clonal Selection (Proliferation and Differentiation) Formation of Cytotoxic T Cell clones (Active/Memory)
60
Two mechanisms of Cytotoxic T Cell activity
Granzymes Granulysin/Perforin
61
Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells through Granzymes
Recognition and Attachment Granzymes secreted by T Cell Apoptosis occurs by Granzymes Microbes destroyed by phagocytes
62
Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells through Perforin/Granulysin
Recognition and Attachment Granulysin and Perforin secreted by T Cell Perforin causes cytolysis Microbes destroyed by granulysin
63
Antibody Structure
2 Binding Sites 2 Heavy Chains linked by Disulfide Bonds 2 Variable segments linked to Heavy Chain via Disulfide Bonds
64
5 Types of Antibodies (Functions, Most Abundant)
IgG - Enhances phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, triggers complement system, immune protection in newborns (80%) IgA - Localized protection of mucous membranes agains bacteria/viruses IgM - Agglutination and lysis of microbes IgD - Surface antigens of B Cells IgE - Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
65
Activation of B Cells
B Cell binds with Microbe with surface receptor Costimulation using T Helper Cell occurs during binding Clonal Selection Formation of Plasma Cells and Memory B Cells
66
Primary Immune Response (Antibody Levels)
IgM released first, followed by IgG antibody IgM dissipates after 3 weeks, IgG remains in the serum
67
Secondary Immune Respone (Antibody Levels)
IgG and IgM released at same time IgG concentration much higher than IgM in response to recognised antigen.
68
Forms of Immunity (Definition)
Induced Active Immunity - Developed after administration of antigen to prevent disease Natural Active Immunity - Developed after exposure to antigens in environment Natural Passive Immunity - Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta/in breast milk Induced Passive Immunity - Conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection
69
Problems with Immune System
Allergies Autoimmune Disease Transplant Rejection
70
Allergy Definition
Occurs when a person is overly reactive to a substance Tissue damage occurs IgE antibody involved
71
Autoimmune Disease Definition
Occurs when immune system fails to display self-tolerance, ends up attacking own body tissue
72
Transplant Rejection Definition
Occurs as a result of body recognising a transplanted organ as non-self and mounting a specific immune response against it Treated with Immunosuppressants

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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