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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Respiration and Ventilation > Flashcards

Respiration and Ventilation Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Cells need energy for? (4 points)

A

Maintenance
Growth
Defense
Division

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2
Q

How is energy obtained by cells?

A

Through aerobic mechanisms, using Oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide

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3
Q

How is Oxygen obtained?

A

From air by diffusion across alveoli
Air carried by cardiovascular system

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4
Q

5 Functions of Respiratory System

A

Gas Exchange
Movement of Air
Protects Respiratory Surfaces
Produces Sound
Olfactory Sense

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5
Q

Passageway Function

A

Carries air to/from exchange surfaces in lungs

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6
Q

Conducting Portion Definition

A

Pathway between Nasal Cavity to terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

Respiratory Portion Definition

A

Region of Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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8
Q

4 Parts of the Upper Respiratory System

A

Nose
Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

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9
Q

5 Parts of the Lower Respiratory System

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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10
Q

Structure of Lungs

A

Network of branched passageways
Allows for more gas exchange

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11
Q

Number of branches in lungs

A

23

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12
Q

Dichotomous Pattern Definition

A

Airways giving rise to 2 daughter airways

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13
Q

Distribution of Alveoli

A

Appear as buds in bronchiole wall from branch 17
Whole airway is alveoli from branch 20

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14
Q

Number of Lobes in Lungs

A

Left = 3
Right = 2

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15
Q

Lobes in Left Lung

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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16
Q

Lobes in Right Lung

A

Superior
Inferior

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17
Q

Fissures in Lungs

A

Left - Horizontal/Oblique
Right - Oblique

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18
Q

2 Layers of Respiratory Mucosa

A

Epithelial - Ciliated Epithelial Cells
Areolar

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19
Q

Function of Respiratory Mucosa

A

Lines conducting portion of respiratory system

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20
Q

Lamina Propria Definition

A

Layer underlining the Respiratory Mucosa

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21
Q

Structure of Lamina Propria

A

Upper - contains mucous glands
Lower - Contains Smooth Muscle

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22
Q

Mucous Cilia Escalator Definition Function

A

Layers of Ciliated Epithelial Cells that push mucous upwards to the pharynx

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23
Q

Entry of Air into Respiratory System

A

Through nostrils/external nares into Nasal vestibule

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24
Q

3 Parts of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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25
3 Nasal Conchae
Superior Middle Inferior
26
Definition and Function of Nasal Conchae
Bony Projections in the Nasal Cavity that form the Nasal Meatuses
27
Function of Nasal Meatuses
Brings air to core temperature and humidity of respiratory tract
28
2 Palates
Hard Soft
29
Structure and Function of Hard Palate
Forms floor of nasal cavity Separates Nasal and Oral Cavities
30
Structure and Function of Soft Palate
Extends posterior to hard palate Divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx
31
Pharynx Definition
Chamber shared by respiratory and digestive systems Extending from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus
32
Larynx Definition
Cartilaginous Structure surrounding the glottis
33
Larynx Function
Produces sound and vibrations
34
Glottis Definition
Channel that air passes through to produce sound
35
Sound Production ( 3 points)
Air passes through glottis Vibrates the vocal folds Produces sound waves
36
Sound Variation (2 points)
Tension on vocal chords Voluntary Muscles move
37
Phonation Definition
Sound Production at the larynx
38
Articulation Definition
Modification of Sound by other structures
39
Trachea Diameter
~2.5cm
40
6 Parts of the Trachea (from cross-sectional view)
Thyroid Gland Tracheal Cartilage Esophagus Lumen Trachealis Muscle Respiratory Epithelium
41
Number of tracheal cartilage on Trachea
15-20
42
Function of Tracheal Cartilage
Strengthening the Trachea whilst maintaining flexibility
43
Structure of Tracheal Cartilage
Spaces in between to allow for flexibility C shaped allows for space for food in esophagus
44
Function of Trachealis Muscle
Muscle Contracts to constrict trachea Contraction pulls the Cartilage Increases air pressure in Trachea Expel air out of the trachea if blocked
45
Carina Definition
Internal Ridge separating primary bronchi
46
Differences between left and right primary bronchi
Right has larger diameter and descends at steeper angle than left
47
Pathway of primary bronchus
Travels to a groove (hilun) along the medial surface of the lungs
48
Bronchial Tree Definition
Structure formed by Primary Bronchi and associated branches
49
2 Types of Bronchi
Extrapulmonary Bronchi - Branches outside lungs Intrapulmonary Bronchi - Branches within lungs
50
Number of Bronchopulmonary Segments in Lungs
Right = 10 Left = 8-9
51
Bronchi Structure
Walls contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle from primary -> tertiary Increases muscular effects on airway constriction Tertiary bronchus branches into bronchioles
52
Bronchiole Structure
No Cartilage Smooth muscle controlled by autonomic system Branches into terminal bronchioles 6500 terminal bronchioles to 1 bronchiole
53
Bronchodilation Definition
Expansion of Bronchiole Layers Caused by Sympathetic ANS
54
Bronchoconstriction Definition
Constriction of Bronchiole Layers Caused by Parasympathetic ANS
55
Alveoli Definition
Air filled pockets in lungs where gas exchange takes place
56
External Respiration Definition
Processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment
57
External Respiration Processes
Pulmonary Ventilation Gas Diffusion Storage/Transport of O2/CO2
58
Internal Respiration Definition
Uptake of O2 and Production of CO2 within individual cells
59
Pulmonary Ventilation Definition
Physical Movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract Provides alveolar ventilation
60
Boyle's Law
Gas Pressure is inversely proportional to volume P = 1/V
60
Air Pressure at different states of respiration
At Rest: outside = inside Inhalation: outside > inside Exhalation: outside < inside
61
Mechanism of Inspiration
Diaphragm moves downwards External Intercostal Muscles move ribs up and out Thoracic Cavity Volume increased
62
Mechanism of Expiration
Diaphragm moves upwards External Intercostal Muscles move ribs down and in Thoracic Cavity Volume decreases
63
Surface Tension in Breathing
Surfactant lines alveoli wall Attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid stronger than forces between liquid and gas Contributes to passive recoil force to stabilize alveoli
64
Quiet Breathing (Eupnea)
Active inhalation/Passive Exhalation Diaphragmatic breathing (dominated by diaphragm Costal breathing (dominated by ribcage)
65
Force Breathing (Hypernea)
Active Inhalation and Exhalation Assisted by Accessory Muscles Maximum Levels occur in exhaustion
66

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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