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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Functions of Digestive System

A

Ingestion
Mechanical Processing
Digestion
Secretion
Absoprtion
Excretion

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2
Q

6 Subdivisions of Digestion Tract

A

Oral Cavity (+Teeth/Tongue)
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

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3
Q

Oral Cavity Digestive Function

A

Mechanical Processing
Moistening
Salivary Secretions

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4
Q

Pharynx Digestive Function

A

Propulsion

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5
Q

Oesophagus Digestive Function

A

Transport of materials to Stomach

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6
Q

Stomach Digestive Function

A

Chemical Breakdown
Mechanical Processing

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7
Q

Small/Large Intestine Digestive Function

A

Enzymatic Digestion
Absorption

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8
Q

4 Accessory Organs of Digestive System

A

Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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9
Q

Salivary Gland Digestive Function

A

Secretion of Saliva

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10
Q

Liver Digestive Function

A

Secretion of Bile

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11
Q

Gallbladder Digestive Function

A

Storage of Bile

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12
Q

Pancreas Digestive Function

A

Secretion of Buffers and Enzymes

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13
Q

Peritoneum Definition

A

Cavity holding DIgestive Organs
Lined by Serous Parietal Membrane

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14
Q

Function of Peritoneal Fluid

A

Found in Peritoneum
Lubrication of organs during contraction/expansion
Allows organs to slide over each other

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15
Q

Mesentery Definition/Function

A

Attaches portions of digestive tract to peritoneum.
Allows for passage of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

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16
Q

Function of Digestive Tract

A

Protection against Digestive Acids/Enzymes, Mechanical Stress and Bacteria

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17
Q

4 Major Layers of Digestive Tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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18
Q

Plica Circulares Definition/Function

A

Microvilli lining the Digestive Tract
Increases SA on digestive tract

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19
Q

3 Structures of Mucosa

A

Mucosal Epithelium - Simple Columnar for faster absoprtion
Lamina Propria - Areolar Tissue with blood/lymphatic vessels
Muscularis Muscosae - Smooth muscle changing shape of Plica

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20
Q

Contraction of Muscularis Muscosae/Externa

A

Inner Circular Layer contraction decreases diameter of Plica
Outer Longitudinal Layer contraction decreases length of Plica

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21
Q

Submucosa Definition/Function

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Contains large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Acts as service corridor

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22
Q

Muscularis Externa Definition/Function

A

Smooth Muscle controlling shape of GI tract
2 Layers, similar to Muscularis Mucosa

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23
Q

Structure similar to Serous Membrane

A

Adventitia
Dense sheath of collagen fibres
In Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Rectum

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24
Q

Cells controlling smooth muscle activity

A

Pacesetter Cells - Similar to Pacemaker Cells in Heart
Cells undergo spontaneous depolarization in waves

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25
Peristalsis Definition
Involuntary Contraction/Relaxation of Smooth Muscle in Digestive Tract to move food
26
3 Steps of Peristalsis
Circular Muscle Contracts behind bolus Longitudinal Muscle Contracts ahead of bolus Circular Muscle Contracts to force bolus forward
27
Functions of Oral Cavity
Sensory Analysis Mechanical Processing Lubrication Limited Digestion (carbs+lipids) Passageway for air,food and liquids
28
Functions of Saliva
Lubricates mouth and contents Dissolves chemicals Initiating digestion of complex carbs via salivary amylase
29
4 Steps of Swallowing
Buccal Phase - Bolus is pushed to back of mouth by tongue Pharyngeal Phase - Food pushes back epiglottos cartilage, closing the trachea Oesophageal Phase - Food travels down oesophagus Food enters stomach
30
4 Features of Oesophagus
Contains Stratified Squamous Epithelium Resting muscle tone prevents air from entering Conveys food and liquid to stomach Contains Adventitia
31
Functions of Stomach
Storage of Ingested Food Mechanical/Chemical Breakdown Production of Intrinsic Factor
32
2 Modes of Chemical Breakdown
Enzymes - e.g. Pepsin, amylase, lipase Acid (HCl) - for pathogens and plant cell walls
33
Function of Intrinsic Factor
Needed for B12 Absorption
34
Function of Rugae
Folds in Stomach Lining that allow for Mechanical expansion of Stomach
35
Epithelium in stomach
Simple Columnar Epithelium Produces mucus using gastric pits/glands
36
3 Layers of Muscle in Stomach
Oblique Circular Longitudinal
37
3 Cell Types in Gastric Glands + Functions
Parietal Cells - Secrete Intrinsic Factor and HCl Chief Cells - Secrete Pepsinogen G Cells - Secrete Gastrin
38
Pepsinogen Definition
Proenzyme of Pepsin Converted to Pepsin via HCl
39
4 Steps of HCl Secretion in Parietal Cells
Carbonic Acid converted to H2O + CO2 via Carbonic Anhydrase, dissociates to H+ ions Countertransport mechanism ejects bicarbonate ions and imports Cl- ions Cl- ions diffuse across cell and exit through open Cl- channels into gastric gland lumen H+ ions transported into gastric gland lumen via active transport
40
3 Regions of Small Intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
41
4 Duodenum Features
25 cm Long Neutralises Chyme Receives secretions from pancreas/liver Few Plica/villi
42
3 Jejunum Features
2.5m long Location of most chemical digestion/absorption Prominent Plica/Villi
43
2 Ileum Features
3.5m long Contains Lymphoid nodules
44
Lacteal Defintion
Central Lymphatic Vessel in Intestinal Wall
45
Chyme Definition
Acidic fluid in stomach containing gastric juices/food from stomach to small intestine
46
Features of Villi
Large SA and many blood vessels for high rate of transport Contains Lacteal
47
Secretion at Intestinal Glands
Rapidly dividing epithelium cells disintegrate at tips of villi to secrete enzymes to lumen = Holocrine Secretion
48
Brush Border Enzymes Definition/Function
Integral membrane proteins on intestinal microvilli Breaks down materials in contact with brush border e.g. Enteropeptidase - activates proenzyme tryspinogen
49
Function of Enteroendocrine Cells
Produces Hormones in respone to pH changes in GI Tract e.g. CCK and secretin - increases enzyme/bile secretion
50
Duodenal Gland Function
Produces mucus to raise pH
51
4 Secreted Enzymes in Pancreas
Pancreatic Alpha-Amylase Pancreatic lipase Nucleases (Inactive) Proteases/Peptidases
52
Endocrine/Exocrine Function in Pancreas
Endocrine Cells in Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon into bloodstream Exocrine Cells in Pancreatic acini secrete pancreatic juice
53
Liver Blood Supply
2/3 from Hepatic Portal Vein 1/3 from Hepatic Artery
54
Function of Hepatic Portal Vein
Carries toxins/nutrients extracted from digestive contents in stomach/intestine
55
Function of Hepatic Artery
Suppies Liver with O2
56
Blood Flow in Liver
Blood flows past hepatocytes to absorb solutes and secrete proteins
57
3 Portal Areas in Liver
Hepatic Portal Vein Hepatic Artery Bile Duct
58
Branches in Liver
Sinusoids drain into central Vein Bile ductules drain into bile ducts
59
3 Functions of Liver
Metabolic Regulation Haematological Regulation Bile Production
60
Metabolic Regulation in Liver
Metabolism of carbs, lipids, amino acids Waste Product Removal Vitamin Storage Mineral Storage Drug Inactivation
61
4 Steps of Bile Transport and Storage
Liver Secretes Bile Bile is stored and concentrated in Gallbladder Duodenal CCK triggers contraction of gallbladder for Bile to be ejected into duodenum Bile salts breakdown lipid droplets via emulsification
62
4 Large Intestine Functions
Absorption Site of Bacterial vitamin production Compations of faeces Storage of faeces until defaecation
63
Cecum Definition
Reservoir at the start of large intestine for anaerobic bacteria
64
Appendix Definition
Structure that repopulates gut with bacteria and fights pathogens in the gut
65
3 Features of Large Intestine
Lacks Villi Abundant mucous cells for pathogen protection Easier absorption
66
Central Neural Control of Intestinal Movements
Parasympathetic ANS increases motility and secretion Sympathetic ANS inhibits motility and secretion
67
2 Central Gastric Reflexes
Gastroenteric Reflex - Stimulates motility and secretion along entire small intestine Gastroileal Reflex - triggers opening of ileocaecal valve
68
Ileocaecal Valve Function
Valve that allows for materials to pass from small intestine to large intestine
69
4 Hormonal Pathways of Digestive System
Gastrin GIP Secretin/CCK VIP
70
Gastrin Hormonal Pathway
Food in Stomach stimulates Gastrin Gastrin stimulates acid production in parietal cells and gastric motility
71
GIP Hormonal Pathway
Chyme in Duodenum stimulates GIP GIP Inhibits Gastrin Pathway GIP stimulates release of insulin from pancreas This facilitates nutrient utilization
72
Secretin/CCK Hormonal Pathway
Chyme in Duodenum stimulates Secretin and CCK Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and buffers/bile secretion
73
VIP Hormonal Pathway
Chyme in Duodenum stimulates VIP VIP stimulates dilation of intestinal capillaries This facilitates nutrient absorption
74
Digestive Breakdown of Carbohydrates (Enzymes, locations, products, transport mechanisms)
Salivary Amylase in Oral Cavity to Di/Trisaccharides Pancreatic Alpha-amylase in Small Intestine to Di/Trisaccharides Lactase/Maltase/Sucrase in Brush Border to Monosaccharides Facilitated diffusion and cotransport into Intestinal Mucosa Facilitated diffusion into capillary
75
Breakdown of Lipids (Enzymes, locations, products, transport mechanisms)
Lingual Lipase in Oral Cavity to Monoglycerides/Fatty Acids Bile and Pancreatic Lipase in Small Intestine to Monoglycerides/Fatty Acids Diffusion into Intestinal Mucosa Converted into Chylomicrons in Intestinal Mucosa Exocytosis into Lacteal
76
Breakdown of Proteins (Enzymes, locations, products, transport mechanisms)
Pepsin in Stomach to Polypeptides Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, Carboxypeptidase in Small Intestine to Short Peptides/Amino Acids Dipeptidases in Brush Border to Amino Acides Facilitated DIffusion and Cotransport to Intestinal Mucosa Facilitated Diffusion and Cotransport to Capillary

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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