Immune System

Question 1

Immunity definition

Answer 1

the bodys ability to protect itself by resisting or eliminating potentially harmful foriegn invafors or abnormal cells

Question 2

Immune system functions

Answer 2

-defending against invading pathogens
-removing worn out cells and damaged tissue
-immune survellance

Question 3

immune surveillance

Answer 3

identifying and destroying abnormal cancer cells that have originated in the body

Question 4

Virulence

Answer 4

the disease producing power of a pathogen

Question 5

Leukocytes

Answer 5

the effector cells of the immune system

Question 6

Lymphoid tissues

Answer 6

-lymphocytes are produced, stored, or processed in lymphoid tissues
-all other leukocytes originate from bone marrow stem cells

Question 7

Innate and nonspecfic immune responses

Answer 7

nonselectivley defend against foriegn material

Question 8

adaptive and specific immune responses

Answer 8

selectivley target particular invaders

Question 9

innate immune system

Answer 9

responses work immediatley upon exposure to invaders

Question 10

two categories of molecular powers that innitaiate innate response

Answer 10

-ecogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-endogenous damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

Question 11

adaptive immune system

Answer 11

customizes defenses for specific pathogens
THE ULTIMATE WEAPON

Question 12

steps for innate immunity/innate defenses:

Answer 12

1. inflammation
2. Interferon (a family of proeins that nonspecifically defend against viral infections)
3. natural killer cells
4. complement system: a group of plasma protiens that when cativated attack the plasma membranes pf foreign cells and cause destruction

Question 13

when does chronic inflammation occur

Answer 13

occurs when the triggering agent persists long term

Question 14

inflamation steps

Answer 14

1. defenses defense by macrophages, phagocyrizing foriegn microbes
   2.localized vasofialation
2. increased capillary permeability and localized edema
3. walling off the inflamed area
4. emigration of leukocytes followed by leukocyte proliferation in tissue
5. marking bacteria for destruction then destroying them
6. mediation of inflamation by cytokines then tissue repair

Question 15

antiviral effect of interferon

Answer 15

cell releases interferon and once it released it binds with receptors on the plasma membrane of healthy cells and warns other cells to prepare for possible viral attack which makes the other cells produce virus blocking enzymes

Question 16

natural killer cells

Answer 16

destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells on first exposure by releasing chemicals to lyse their membranes

Question 17

lysis/lyse

Answer 17

the disintigration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

Question 18

the complement system

Answer 18

~30 plasma proteins
- defense mechanism in response to invading organism that literally punches holes in the surface membrane of microorganisms to lyse them

Question 19

which two immunities does adaptive immunity include

Answer 19

antibody mediated immunity
cell mediated immunity

Question 20

antibody mediated immunity

Answer 20

the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to foriegn invaders

Question 21

cell mediate immunity

Answer 21

production of activated T lymphocytes that directley attach to unwanted blood cells (t lymphocytes are derived from stem cells in bone marrow)

Question 22

antigen

Answer 22

a molecule (usually foriegn protein) that triggers an immune response against itself

Question 23

antibodies

Answer 23

Y shaped, classified acording to tail portion which determines functional properties
EACH ANTIBODY CAN ONLY INTERACT WITH ONE ANTIGEN
-antibodies bind to and mark foriegn material for actual destruction by the innate system

Question 24

what does the clonal selection theory propose

Answer 24

diverse B lymphocytes are produced during fetal development and each are capable of synthesizing an antibody against each particular antigen BEFORE it was exposed to it

binding of the antigen to a be cell with the apropriate receptor causes selected clones of B cells to proliferate and differentiate into actove plasma cells and dormant memory cells

Question 25

active immunity

Answer 25

production of antibodies as a result of exposure to an antigen

Question 26

passive immunity

Answer 26

"borrowed" immunity conferred on reciept of preformed antibodies

Question 27

t cells

Answer 27

-bind directly with their targets -major histocompatibility complex must be present on antigen presenting cell's surface before a t cell can bind to it -3 types: cytotoxic (killer), helper, regulatory

Question 28

Cytotoxic/killer T cells

Answer 28

secrete chemiclas that destroy target cells !microscopic hit men!

Question 29

helper T cells

Answer 29

secrete chemicals that amplify the activity of other immune cells

Question 30

Regulatory T cells

Answer 30

surpress both innate and adaptive immune responsive by stopping helper t cells, b cells, NK cells, etc

Question 31

self tolerance

Answer 31

preventing the immune system from attacking the person's own tissues

Question 32

Autoimmune diseases

Answer 32

arise from a loss of tolerence to specific self-antigens -immune system fails to recognize and tolerate self antigens associated with particular tissues

Question 33

immune surveillance

Answer 33

t cells recognizing and destroying cancerous tumor cells before they multiply and spread

Question 34

Allergies

Answer 34

inappropriate, hypersensitive immune attacks against harmless environmental substances

Question 35

layers of the skin

Answer 35

-epidermis: layers of epethelial cells with swat glands and hair follicles -dermis: connective tissue that contains elastin and collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerve endings -hypodermis: loose layer of connective tissue that contains fat cells

Question 36

Defenses of the digestive system

Answer 36

-saliva contains enzymes to lyse bacteria -acids in the stomach make a toxic environment

Question 37

defenses in the respiratory system

Answer 37

-large airborne pathogens are filtered out by hair in nose -mucus is wither spit out or swallowed to keep the lungs clean from bacterial infections

Question 38

distinguish between bacteria and viruses

Answer 38

bacteria are non nucleated single cell organisms that can survive and reporduce on their own viruses are not self sustaining and require a host cell

Question 39

bone marrow

Answer 39

site of maturation of B cells

Question 40

lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix

Answer 40

exchange lymphocytes with blood and contain lymphocytes that produce antibodies

Question 41

spleen

Answer 41

carries out all of the functions associated with lymph nodes