Respiratory

Question 1

2 types of respiration

Answer 1

-cellular respiration
-external respiration

Question 2

cellular respiration

Answer 2

-The metabolic process in mitochondria
-respiratory quotient:
RQ = CO2 produced/O2 consumed

Question 3

External respiration

Answer 3

series of events, exchange of O2 and CO2
-all steps between the external environment and tissue cells

Question 4

Nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system

Answer 4

a route for water loss and heat elimination, enhances venous return, etc

Question 5

Steps of external respiration

Answer 5

1.venhilation or gas exchange between air sacs and air sacs in lung
2.exchange of o2 and co2 btwn air in air sacs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries
3.transport of o2 and co2 by the blood btwn the lungs and the tissues
4.exchange of o2 and co2 btwn the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells

Question 6

respiratory system

Answer 6

-airways leading to lung alveoli
-the lungs
-respiratory muscles (chest and abdomen)

Question 7

trace respiratory system

Answer 7

-nasal passages
-pharynx (throat)
-larynx (voice box) @entrance of trachea
-trachea branches into bronchi, then bronchioles, then alveoli

Question 8

Alveoli

Answer 8

-tubes that carry air between atmosphere and the lung air sacs
-exchange gases between the inhaled air and the blood

Question 9

lungs

Answer 9

-take up most of the thoracic cavity (w/heart)
-no muscles in alveolar walls

Question 10

Pleural sac

Answer 10

-double walled closed sac
-seperates each lung from the thoracic wall

Question 11

Three pressures are important in ventilation

Answer 11

-Atmospheric (barometric) pressure
-Intra-alveolar pressure
-intrapleural pressure

Question 12

Atmoshperic (barometric) pressure

Answer 12

-pressure of air on objects
-diminishes with increasing altitude

Question 13

Intra-alveolar pressure

Answer 13

-pressure inside the alveoli
-air flows down the pressure gradient until the two pressure equilibrate

Question 14

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 14

-pressure within the pleural sac
-usually less than atmospheric, does not equilibrate wth atmospheric

Question 15

Transmural pressure gradient

Answer 15

across the lung wall = intra-alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure

Question 16

Pneumothorax

Answer 16

where the chess wall is punctured, air flows down its pressure gradient into the pleural cavity, in that case the transmural pressure gradient no longer exists and the lung collapses

Question 17

Boyle’s Law

Answer 17

as the volume of the gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases proportionally

Question 18

Bronchoconstriction

Answer 18

decrease the radius of brochioles

Question 19

Bronchodialation

Answer 19

increase in bronchiolar radius

Question 20

during respiration

Answer 20

lungs expand -> inspiration
lungs recoil -> expiration

Question 21

Compliance

Answer 21

how much effort is required to stretch or distend the lungs

Question 22

elastic recoil

Answer 22

how readily the lungs rebound after stretch

Question 23

Alveolar surface tension

Answer 23

force produced due to unequal attraction between water molecules vs between water and air in the alveoli

Question 24

Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 24

a complex mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by alveolar Type II cells

Question 25

what does the surfacant do

Answer 25

by decreasing alveolar surface tension, it increases pulmonary compliance and it reduces the lungs tendency to recoil (the lungs won't collapse)

Question 26

work of breathing

Answer 26

-during inspiration the respitory muscles work to expand the lungs against elastic forces -expiration is passive -only requires 3% of body energy expenditure

Question 27

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 27

pulmonary compliance is decreased

Question 28

COPD

Answer 28

Airway resistance is increased

Question 29

Emphysema

Answer 29

elastic recoil is decreased

Question 30

Max aur the lungs can hold

Answer 30

men: 5.7 L women: 4.2 L BUT lungs normally operate abt half full

Question 31

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 31

the colume of air breathed in and out in 1 min

Question 32

pulmonary ventilation equation

Answer 32

pulmonary ventilation = tidal colume (mL/breath) x respiratory rate

Question 33

Aveolar ventilation

Answer 33

the volume of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange with the blood

Question 34

Alveolar ventilation equation

Answer 34

Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume-dead space volume) x respiratory rate

Question 35

Local controls

Answer 35

-bronchiolar smooth muscle is sensitive to local CO2 -flow of air can be controlled in response to local environment -pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle is also sensitive to local co2

Question 36

Gass exchange

Answer 36

gases move down partial pressure gradients

Question 37

partial pressure

Answer 37

the pressure exerted independntly by a particular gas within a mixture of gases

Question 38

partial pressure gradient

Answer 38

the difference in partial pressures between the capillary blood and the surrounding structures

Question 39

ficks law of diffusion

Answer 39

diffusion rate of a gas through a sheet of tissue depends on the surface area and thickness diffusion constant of the particular gas

Question 40

distinguish between cellular and external respiration

Answer 40

external respiration: steps involving gas echange and physical act of breathing cellular (internal) respiration: metabolic reactions that take place inside of the cell

Question 41

steps in external respiration

Answer 41

physical act of breathing, gas exchange between lungs and blood, transport of gasses by blood, gas exchange between blood and tissues

Question 42

components of the respiratory system

Answer 42

respiratory airways: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (conduct, clean, cool, and humidity air) end of respiratory airways: alveoli (dead end sacs surrounded by capillaries

Question 43

what is the site of gas exchange

Answer 43

alveoli

Question 44

atmospheric pressure

Answer 44

the pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on the earth's surface

Question 45

intraalverolar (intrapulmonary) pressure

Answer 45

the pressure within the alveoli. it changes during inspiration and expiration

Question 46

intrapleural pressure

Answer 46

the pressure in the pleural sac that is the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity and changes during experation and inspiration

Question 47

why are lungs normally stretched even during expiration

Answer 47

occurs because the thoracic wall grows faster than the lungs during development. therefore the lungs are smaller than the thoracic cavity and stretched as they are attached to inner chest wall