Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

List the pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, multicellular parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Define immunity

A

Ability to defend against pathogens, chemicals, and internal threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cytokines

A

Regulatory proteins secreted by immune cells

Kind of like hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 major classes of cytokines

A

Interleukin
Tumor necrosis factor
Colony stimulating factor
Interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interleukin

  1. Fxn
  2. Source
A
  1. Regulate immune cells

2. T-cells & macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor

  1. Fxn
  2. Source
A
  1. Destroys tumor cells

2. T-cells, macrophages, mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Colony-stimulating factor

  1. Fxn
  2. Source
A
  1. Stimulates leukopoiesis in bone marrow to increase synthesis of a specific type of leukocytes
  2. T-cells&monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interferon

  1. Fxn
  2. Source
A
  1. Antiviral agents & pro-inflammatory agent

2. Leukocytes & fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innate immunity

A

Immediate response to wide array of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adaptive immunity

& 2 key characteristics

A

Delayed response to specific antigens
&
1. Specificity
2. Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

First line of defense

A

Mechanisms for preventing entry
Structures & secretions of epithelial & CT
protective reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

second line of defense

4 major internal defenses

A

cellular
chemical
inflammatory response
fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neutrophil fxn

A
  • 1st responder
  • phagocytosis
  • releases odiziding chemicals to make a kill zone that kills the pathogen & itself
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

macrophage fxn

A
  • phagocytosis of pathogens, dead neutrophils, & cell debris
  • release cytokines
  • is an APC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are macrophages & neutrophils different?

A

neutrophils phagocytize pathogens and kill themselves after they engulf it.
macrophages phagocytize pathogens AND the dead neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fixed vs free macrophages

A 
fixed = stay in specific areas i.e. lungs, intestines 
free= travel to wherever needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

basophil & mast cell fxn

A

inflammitory chemical secreting cells
histamine
heparin
eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

natural killer cell fxn

A

nonspecific immunity

patrols for abnormal cells & can release enzymes when it finds abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the enzymes that NK cells release?

and their fxn

A
  1. perforin–makes a pore in cell

2. granzymes– enters cell through pore & causes apoptosis (cell death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is an interferon?

A

cytokine that prevents spread of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

interferon fxn

A

binds to neighboring cells to prevent them from becoming infected
&
triggers enyzyme synthesis of enzymes that destroys viral DNA&RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a compliment?

A

system of plasma proteins that requires activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name & describe the 2 compliment pathways

A
  1. classical– antigen-antibiody complexes

2. alternative – respond to polysaccharides on surface of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the effects of compliment activation (4)

A

opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis
elimination of immune complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
define opsonization
binding of a Compliment a to pathogen to enhance phagocytosis (like butter on toast)
26
cytolysis
compliment binding to pathogen to create MAC to lyse cell
27
elimination of immune complexes
compliment cross links immune complexes to RBC & transports to liver or spleen
28
4 signs of inflammation
redness swelling heat pain
29
histamine fxn
increase capillary permeability & vasodilation
30
bradykinin fxn
same as histamine & stimulates pain receptors
31
chemotactic factors
attract immune cells
32
chemical releasing cells for inflammation(3)
mast cells Basophils damaged tissue cells
33
CAM fxn
(cell adhesion molecule) | increase leukocyte adhesion
34
define margination
cells adhering to CAMs
35
cause of REDNESS in inflammation
increased blood flow d/t vasodilation
36
cause of SWELLING in inflammation
increased capillary permeability increased blood flow increased exudate formation
37
cause of HEAT in inflammation
increased blood flow d/t vasodilation | increased metabolic activity
38
cause of PAIN in inflammation
swelling causes pressure on nerves & direct stimulation of pain receptors by bradykinin
39
basophil vs mast cell
basophil--travels in blood stream | mast cell--stays in connective tissues
40
diapedesis
cells exit blood by "squeezing out"
41
define chemotaxis
migration of cells along chemical gradient
42
effects of inflammation
- -increase fluid in tissues to increase drainage though lymphatic system - -damaged tissues removed by macrophages - -chemicals stimulate tissue repair
43
define pyrexia
fever | elevated body temp
44
how is fever initiated?
by pyrogens released from neutrophils & macrophages
45
4 benefits of fever
1. inhibits bacteria reproduction 2. increase interferon activity 3. increase adaptive immunity activity 4. speeds up tissue repair
46
6 stages of fever
1. infection & pyrogen secretion 2. hypothalamic thermostat reset @ higher temp 3. onset (body temp rises) 4. stadium (stays @ high temp) 5. infection ends 6. deferrvescence (temp back to normal)
47
adaptive immunity
initiated by recognition of antigens
48
2 types of adaptive immunity
humoral & cell mediated
49
define HAPTEN
small molecule that must attach to another body protein to cause adaptive immune response
50
define EPITOPE
specific site on an antigen molecule that is recognized by immune system
51
MHC 1 1. interacts with? 2. what cell?
1. CD8 | 2. cytotoxic T-cell
52
MHC 2 1. interacts with? 2. what cell?
1. CD4 | 2. help T-cell
53
what is an ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL?
immune cell that displays an antigen to helper AND cytotoxic T-cells by binding antigen to MHC molecule
54
list the APCs
dendritic cells macrophages B-cells
55
primary immune response
1st exposure | causes activation of naive cells
56
secondary immune response
tigers memory cells
57
active natural immunity | & example
exposed to pathogen naturally | i.e. had the cold/disease
58
active artificial immunity | &example
exposed to attenuated pathogen (didn't get disease but did get memory cells) i.e. vaccines
59
passive natural immunity
antibodies shared via breast milk or placenta
60
passive artificial immunity | &example
inject somebody with antibodies | i.e. treat snake bite
61
what cells result from active immunity?
memory cells
62
what cell result from passive immunity?
NO memory cells | temporary response
63
positive selection of T-cells
must be able to bind MHC to survive | it must have CD4 or CD8 to do so
64
negative selection of T-cells
must NOT recognize self-antigen to survive
65
help-T cell activation
1. CD4 binds w/ MHC2 on APC & TCR binds w/ antigen 2. helper-T releases IL-2 to stimulate 3. helper-T makes clones of memory & actives Helper-T cells
66
cytotoxic T cell activation
1. CD8 binds w/ MHC1 & TCR binds w/ antigen in MHC1 2. IL-2 from helper T-cells stimulate cytotoxic T-cell division 3. cytotoxic T-cell makes clones of memory & activated cytotoxic T-cells
67
1. fxn of activated helper-T cells? | 2. main goal?
1. release cytokines (including IL-2) | 2. regulate other immune cells
68
1. fxn of activated cytotoxic T-cells? | 2. how?
1. kill abnormal/infeced cells | 2. by releasing perforin & granzymes
69
maturation of B-cells | where?
red bone marrow
70
what makes a b-cell immunocompetent?
expresses BCR that can recognize foreign (non-self) antigens
71
activation of b-cells
1. free antigen binds to BCR 2. b-cell engulfs and expresses antigen on surface 3. MHC2 of helper T-cells bind to antigen on b-cell 4. binding releases IL-4 & activates B-cell 5. b-cell divides&clones memory b-cells and plasma cells
72
effector response of activated b-cells?
make plasma cells and memory b-cells
73
fxn of plasma cells
make & secrete antibodies antibodies can target & mark antigens for destruction
74
antibody structure
constant region-- differentiates the type of antibody variable region--lets antibody identify antigen
75
antigen binds to antibody: | 3 effects
neutralization agglutination precipitation
76
3 effects of FC on constant region binding
complement fixation opsonization activation of NK cells
77
define neutralization
antibody covers the active portion of microbe or toxin
78
define precipitation
make "bridges" to form antigen-antibody complex that is insoluble and excreted

A&P2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions