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BIOL 224 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Normal Blood pressure (CHP) of an artery is

A

35 mm Hg

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2
Q

Normal Blood pressure (CHP) of a vein is

A

18 mm Hg

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3
Q

Filtration pressure (FP)=

A

BP-OP

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4
Q

Normal osmotic pressure is

A

25 mm Hg

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5
Q

Osmotic pressure is ____ throughout the entire body.

A

Constant

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6
Q

Reabsorption is the absorption of things back into the ____

A

Blood Stream

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7
Q

During infection, lymph nodes swell, because of

A

Rapid white blood cell production

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8
Q

Edema occurs when

A

There is a rupture in the capillary bed. Plasma proteins flow out into interstitial fluid, osmotic pressure is created, and more fluid is drawn out of the capillary bed

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9
Q

T and B cells originate from the ____ but mature in the ______

A

red bone marrow

Thymus

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10
Q

_____ is the largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

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11
Q

Spleen is the only lymph organ that ___ goes through

A

Blood

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12
Q

Defense mechanisms of the body include

A
  • Protection from pathogens
  • Protection from foreign substances
  • Protection from abnormal cells of the body
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13
Q

Non-specific defenses vs Specific defenses

A

Nonspecific detect and destroy something no matter what it is.
Specific use lymphoctyes for specific pathoges (specific strains of specific illnesses)

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14
Q

Non specific defenses influde

A 
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
Complement System
Interferons
Physical Barriers
Surveillance by NK cells
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15
Q

What is a physical barrier and give an example

A

Keep hazards outside of the body

ex Skin

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16
Q

What is a phagocyte

A

Something that engulfs and destroy cellular debris and pathogens

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17
Q

Tissue is constantly monitored by _____ cells, and respond to cell markers

A

Natural Killer cells

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18
Q

Natural killer cells release _____ to cause lysis of foreign and abnormal cells

A

Perforins (create pores in bacteria)

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19
Q

Inflammation helps protect the body from pathogens because

A

Increasing blood flow to an area also brings more white blood cells

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20
Q

What hormone increases inflammation and activates pain receptors

A

Prostaglandin

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21
Q

What two hormones are released to control inflammation?

A

Histamine and Heparin

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22
Q

Phagocytic cells are attracted by ____ and _____

A

Prostaglandin and histamine

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23
Q

_____ control the body’s thermostat when onsetting a fever

A

Pyrogens

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24
Q

A fever is a protective mechanism because it ____ and ______

A

denatures proteins

increases metabolic rate

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25
Interferons trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with _______ inside cells
Viral reproduction
26
The complement system is a nonspecific response to help ______
Antibodies
27
What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
T cells B cells Natural Killer cells
28
Of the three lymphocytes, which classes are specific?
T and B cells
29
What is an antigen?
A cell marker that sits on a membrane and tells the body to produce an immune response
30
Each lymphocyte can only respond to _____ antigen
One unique
31
To activate a T lymphocyte, an antigen must be present on the surface of a _____ cell
HUMAN
32
Why do you need to be tissue typed when looking for an organ transplant?
Tissue typing looks at MHC sequence to find most similar MHC sequence to prevent rejection
33
Class I MHC's are present in membranes of all ______
Body cells
34
Class II MHC's are present in membranes of ____ and _____
B lymphocytes | Phagocytes
35
What are the three major types of T lymphocytes?
Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Suppressor T cells
36
What do Cytotoxic T's do?
Attack abnormal body cells
37
What do helper T's do?
Attack foreign cells and antigens
38
What do Suppressor T's do?
Control immune response of T and B lymphocytes
39
HIV targets _____ so B cells can no longer be activated, antibodies can not be produced, and the entire immune system slows down
Helper T's
40
Activated B cells undergo rapid cell division to produce___ cells and ____ cells
Plasma cells | Memory B Cells
41
Plasma cells, produced by B cells, have a ton of
ER, Ribosomes, Golgi
42
Plasma cells pump out ____
Antibodies
43
If you were a Rh Negative blood type mother, and baby is RH positive, RH + RBC's enter her blood stream, and _____ rapidly produce to create antibodies against Rh
B cells
44
The primary immune response occurs the ____ time you come in contact with a foreign pathogen
first
45
During the primary immune response, the innate, _____ number of inactive B and T cells become activated and undergo massive cell division
small
46
Secondary response occurs after you have built up _______ to a specific pathogen
Memory cells
47
_____ antibodies are built up first when creating a primary response
IgM
48
_____ antibodies are most plentiful, but take longer to make
IgG
49
What are the classes of antibodies?
``` IgG IgE IgD IgM IgA ```
50
IgG antibodies
provide resistance against all types of things
51
IgE antibodes
cause inflammation
52
IgD antibodies
found on B cells
53
IgM antibodies
Secreted first upon antigen arrival
54
IgA antibodies
found in glandular secretions
55
The ______ determines the class of antibody (IgG vs IgM)
Constant region
56
The ______ determines the strain of the pathogen that an antibody identifies with
Variable region
57
Antibody actions are
``` Agglutination/Precipitation Neutralization Attraction of Phagocytes Opsinization Activation of Complement system ```
58
Properties of the immune system are
Specific Versatile Good Memory Tolerance (does not respond to normal cells)
59
Memory cells allow you to mount a full scale response after
Being exposed to a pathogen
60
In a routine exam, blood is taken and analyzed. The results show high IgM for the mumps antigen. This would indicate the person:
Is just coming down with mumps
61
Acquired immunity is development of active immunity
After first exposure (vaccination)
62
Passive immunity is protection provided by
Transfer of antibodies from another source
63
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets
Normal cells
64
What are some examples of autoimmune disorders?
Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatic fever, Multiple Sclerosis, Graves' disease, Lupus, Celiac disease
65
In grave's disease, antibodies bind to TSH receptors making
Too much of thyroid hormone
66
In celiac's disease, immune system destroys _______ in small intestine in the presence of gluten
microvilli
67
Allergies are
Inappropriate and excessive immune response against a foreign substance
68
The most common type of allergic response is
Immediate hypersensitivity
69
Anaphylaxis occurs when an allergen moves around your body and mast cells in other places start responding.
True
70
You inhale dust and mast cells release histamine and heparin to make you sneezy. If you are super allergic to something this occurs all over the body which can cause
Anaphylaxis
71
Anaphylaxis triggers high levels of histamine release, causing vasodilation everywhere, extreme drop in blood pressure and if it drops far enough, it causes
Anaphylactic shock
72
Severe allergens are treated with _____ to increase blood pressure
Epinephrine
73
What leads to immunodeficiency?
Disorders during embryonic development Exposure to toxins Drugs that suppress immune system Infection with viruses
74
HIV is a virus that injects ______ into a human body cell
RNA
75
Injecting RNA into a human cell allows it to seem like it's DNA, so _____ make copies of the virus and break them down
Helper T's
76
Without helper T's, you cannot create ____ and will ultimately slow your immune response
Antibodies
77
AIDS is the most progressed stage of
HIV
78
To treat AIDS, drugs that _______ the enzyme that promotes replication of abnormal helper T's are used
suppress
79
The hormone ____ is released in times of stress
Cortisol
80
The release of cortisol _____ the immune system
Supresses

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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