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BIOL 224 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we ultimately need to breathe?

A

To make ATP

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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing, controlled by voluntary and smooth muscle

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3
Q

One cycle of respiration means

A

Air goes into lungs, oxygen leaves lungs goes into blood, oxygen is transferred to tissue, Co2 comes out of tissue brought back to lungs, air leaves body

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4
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

The respiratory tract has a large respiratory surface for

A

Exchange of gases

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6
Q

True or false: Breathing is involuntary, but you have the ability to control it

A

True

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7
Q

Ciliated epithelium covered in mucous lines respiratory passageways to

A

Continuously brush foreign things up, and prevent it from settling in your lungs

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8
Q

The diameter of thetrachea is controlled by

A

Tracheal cartilages

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

The ANS controls ___ and __ of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

A

Dilation

Constriction

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10
Q

If you are running and need more air, epinephrine comes in to _____ smooth muscle of the trachea and cause bronchioles to dilate

A

relax

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11
Q

Presence of epinephrine under sympathetic stimulation, causes smooth muscle to ____ and ____ to give the body more air

A

relax

dilate

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12
Q

What is asthma?

A

Inappropriate constriction of the bronchioles

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13
Q

Alveoli are unique because _____ surround each alveoli rather than groups of cells like the rest of the body

A

Cappillaries

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14
Q

_____ cells secrete surfactant

A

Septal cells

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15
Q

_____ is used to reduce surface tension to prevent alveoli from collapsing

A

Surfactant

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16
Q

If a baby is a premie, ______ are not functioning properly so alveoli collapse and the baby must be put on a ventilater/ steroids

A

septal cells

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17
Q

Lack of surfactant can produce

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

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18
Q

True or false: The lungs are theonly place where endothelial cells of capillary bed are physically fused to another cell

A

True

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19
Q

Why are cells of capillary bed fused to another cell only in the lungs?

A

To expedite gas exchange, and make diffusion more efficient

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20
Q

Emphysema is a progressive disorder that destroys alveolar surfaces and causes individual alveoli to merge together. This affects oxygen transport to pulmonary capillaries because larger alveolar volume

A

Increases diffusion distance

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21
Q

True or false: Lung tissue cannot expand or contract

A

True

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22
Q

______ creates an extremely strong bond between diaphragm, internal intercostals, and lungs

A

Pleural fluid

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23
Q

Air moves in and out along a _______ created by increasing and decreasing the volume of the lungs

A

Pressure gradient

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24
Q

Air moves from ____ pressure to _____ pressure

A

High to low

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25
Volume is changed in the lungs by _______ of the thoracic cavity
Changing size
26
Pressure and Volume are ______ proportional
inversely
27
As volume decreases, pressure _____
Increases
28
As pressure _____ volume _____
decreases, increases
29
When you inhale:
Diaphragm contracts | External intercostals lift lungs up and out
30
If nothing is contracted, pressure inside and outside of the lungs are
The same
31
During inhalation, pressure outside is ____ than pressure inside
Greater
32
During exhalation, pressure outside is ___ than pressure inside
Less than
33
Exhalation is completely ____ because nothing contracts and all muscles relax
Passive
34
When you exercise, respiratory rate goes up and you need more oxygen, so _____ contract to allow you to inhale and exhale more rapidly
Accessory muscles
35
Contraction of the internal intercostals helps with
Exhalation
36
Contraction of the external intercostals helps with
Inhalation
37
_____ determines direction and rate of airflow in the respiratory tract
Pressure difference
38
Normal air pressure at sea level is
760 mm Hg
39
To reduce pressure inside airways, and increase volume during passive breathing you only need to reduce pressure by ____ mm Hg
1 mm Hg
40
To reduce pressure inside airways and increase volume during active breathing, you only need to reduce pressure by ____ mm Hg
20 mmHg
41
What is resting tidal volume?
One cycle of air moved while at rest
42
What is vital capacity
Maximum amount of air you can move if you need to
43
What is total lung capacity?
Vital capacity + residual volume
44
What is residual volume
air left over in lungs after maximum exhalation
45
Residual volume is very ____ depleted
Oxygen
46
Compliance indicates
How expandable your lungs are
47
What factors decrease compliance?
Loss of surfactant Arthritis Excessive connective tissue
48
Describe the waterfall pathway of oxygen through the body
Lungs -> blood -> interstitial fluid -> cells
49
Describe the waterfall pathway of CO2 throughout the body
Cells -> interstitial fluid -> blood -> lungs
50
Gas exchange is efficient when you have
small diffusion distance
51
High air pressure causes _____ gas to go into blood
More
52
Air is composed of what important percentages of gases?
20% oxygen | .04% carbon dioxide
53
What is the partial pressure of oxygen and how do you find it?
760 mm Hg(normal air pressure) * .20 (percent of o2 in air) = 152 mm Hg
54
What is the partial pressure of CO2?
.3 mm Hg
55
At a high altitude, atmostpheric pressure is approximately 630 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air at this altitude?
126 mm Hg
56
What is the partial pressure of O2 in the lungs
100 mm Hg
57
What is the partial pressure of O2 in the arteries?
95 mm Hg
58
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs?
40 mm Hg
59
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries?
40 mm Hg
60
What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in the tissues?
40 mm Hg (inactive) | 20 mm Hg (active)
61
What is the partial pressure of Co2 in the tissues?
45 mm Hg
62
What is the partial pressure of O2 in the veins?
40 mm Hg
63
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the veins?
45 mm Hg
64
When you become active, partial pressure of oxygen becomes decreased in the tissues. Why?
You're burning up oxygen faster to make ATP at a faster rate
65
What is decompression sickness?
When you are in an increased pressure setting, more gas is released into your blood, and if released too quickly it can cause pain in joints/ death
66
Oxygen is mainly transported by
RBC's bound to hemoglobin
67
Saturation percentage tells us
The number of available binding sites occupied by oxygen
68
What is dissociation rate?
Rate at which oxygen moves off of a hemoglobin molecule and moves into the tissue
69
Hemoglobin has ___ bonds
weak
70
Dissociation rate depends on
Partial pressure of O2 pH Temperature at the tissues
71
Your saturation curve is highest when
You are in the lungs, and partial pressure of O2 is 100
72
A drop in partial pressure would ____ dissociation
Increase
73
As pH decreases, Saturation _____
Decreases
74
As temperature decreases saturation rate ____
increases
75
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher _______ than adult hemoglobin
O2 affinity
76
Most of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as _____
Bicarbonate ions
77
What enzyme is used to convert CO2 to carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase
78
Which part of the conversion of CO2 process can effect blood pH levels?
Carbonic dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
79
Describe the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion
CO2 enters the blood stream. Some stays, but most enters a red blood cell. There, some of it is bound to hemoglobin, while most uses carbonic anhydrase to create carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is dissociated into H+ (removed by buffers) and HCO3-. HCO3- moves out into the blood stream, Cl- enters the red blood cell.
80
To meet oxygen demands of the body you must
Vary the number of breaths you take and the volume of air moved per breath
81
What are the respiratory centers?
DRG VRG Apneustic Pneumotaxic
82
What is the DRG center?
Used in all breathing
83
What is the VRG center?
Activates accessory muscles when under distress
84
What is the Apneustic center?
Allows you to take deeper breaths
85
What is the Pneumotaxic center?
Helps with respiratory rate
86
______ detect if there is a build up of CO2 within your body.
Chemoreceptors
87
_______ Respiratory center is always active.
DRG
88
Why would respiratory rate change?
Chemoreceptor reflexes Stretch reflexes Cough Reflex Voluntary control of respiration
89
If you have increased CO2 or decreased O2, what is the reflex response?
Increase strength and rate of pulmonary respiration
90
If you have decreased CO2 or increased O2 what is the reflex response?
Decrease rate and strength of pulmonary respiration
91
What is hypercapnia?
High levels of CO2 in arterial blood
92
High levels of CO2 in the blood can _____ pH
Decrease, resulting in acidosis
93
Chronic hyperventilation results in
Reduced sensitivity of CO2 receptors | Loss of reflex response
94
What is hypocapnia?
Low levels of CO2 in arterial blood
95
Low levels of CO2 in blood can cause pH to ______
Increase, resulting in alkalosis
96
Hypocapnia causes reduced stimulation of chemoreceptors so
Respiratory rate does not increase, O2 levels fall dangerously low
97
Describe coughing
When you inhale something, glottis will close, muscles contract really fast to build up pressure, glottis opens, and all of the air is pushed out
98
What muscles of the respiratory tract can you control?
Skeletal muscles
99
Which is false: As CO2 in the blood increases, ____ A. pH of blood decreases B. Rate and depth of breathing increases C. The rate of dissociation of oxygen from hb decreases D. Heart rate and cardiac output increase
Rate and dissociation of oxygen from hb decreases

BIOL 224 (6 decks)

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