Reproductive System Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
What are the female gametes and what do they produce?
A
Ovaries:
- Eggs (ova)
- Estrogens
- Progesterone
2
Q
What are the male gametes and what do they produce?
A
Testes:
- Sperm (spermatozoa)
- Androgens (testosterone)
3
Q
What are the male ducts and what is their functions?
A
- To transport gametes
- Epididymus
- Ductus deferens
- urethra
4
Q
What are the female ducts and what are their functions?
A
- To transport gametes and is site of fertilization
- Uterine tubes
5
Q
What is the function of accessory glands in the reproductive system?
A
To secrete fluids into ducts to support gametes
6
Q
What percent of semen is actual sperm?
A
5%
7
Q
Fertilization, should it occur, will take place in the
A
first third of the uterine tube
8
Q
Fertilization must occur within
A
24 hours of ovulation
9
Q
If an egg is not fertilized, it will be
A
Reabsorbed by phagocytes
10
Q
Menstruation is the
A
Shedding of the endometrium (functional zone) when no implantation occurs
11
Q
What are the female reproductive organs and their functions?
A
- Uterus, vagina, mammary glands
- Provide for fetal development, delivery, and nutrition for infant
12
Q
What is the external genitalia for males?
A
Penis and Scrotum
13
Q
What is the external genitalia for females?
A
Clitoris, Labia minora and majora
14
Q
In order to release GnRH at puberty, an individual must have an adequate level of
A
Leptin from adipose tissue
15
Q
GnRH is released ______ in males and ______ in females
A
Steady rate
Cyclic increments
16
Q
Males create gametes
A
Continuously
17
Q
Females produce _____ gamete
A
One gamete per month
18
Q
GnRH triggers the release of ____ and ____ at the adenohypophysis
A
FSH and LH
19
Q
In males, FSH
A
causes maturation of sperm
secretion of inhibin
20
Q
In males, LH
A
causes secretion of testosterone
21
Q
In females, FSH causes
A
maturation of egg
secretion of estrogen and inhibin
22
Q
In females, LH causes
A
release of egg
secretion of progesterone
23
Q
LH is released in a surge at what point of the cycle?
A
Halfway through
24
Q
Progesterone appears in the female cycle on day
A
14
25
What are the stem cells for male gametes?
Spermatogonia
26
What are the stem cells for female gametes?
Oogonia
27
The stem cells (gonia) divide via
mitosis
28
The division of oogonia produces
oocytes
29
The division of spermatogonia produces
spermatocytes
30
The "cytes" undergo _____ and produce ______ and ______
```
meiosis
haploid ova (eggs)
haploid spermatozoa (sperm)
```
31
Mitosis produces
2 identical daughter cells
32
Meiosis produces
4 non identical haploid cells
33
Meiosis only occurs in what part of the body?
Gonads
34
Spermatogonia are able to divide by mitosis
Throughout the lifetime
35
Starting in puberty, spermatogonia differentiate into
primary spermatocytes in response to FSH
36
Primary spermatocytes complete both steps of meiosis producing
four spermatids
37
Spermatids mature into
spermatozoa in the lumen
38
The head of the spermatozoan contains
Nucleus
23 chromosomes
Enzymes (hyaluronidase and acrosin) in the acromosomal cap
39
The middle piece of the sperm contains
Mitochondria activated by sugars in semen to produce ATP and move the sperm
40
The tail of sperm is the only ____ in the human body
flagellum
41
Oogonia stop dividing by mitosis in
3rd month of fetal development
42
All oogonia created via mitosis during fetal development will differentiate into
an oocyte and get stuck at meiosis I
43
A female will have ovaries with
primary oocytes (stuck in meiosis I) until puberty
44
During puberty in females, FSH
triggers maturation of one of the oocytes by completing meiosis I of the primary oocyte
45
After meiosis I in females,
you have 2 cells.
46
All of the cytoplasm and resources go into one cell produced from meiosis I in order to
Sustain the embryo for the 10-12 days it takes to journey to the uterus
47
The 2 cells produced from meiosis I in females compete and the loser
gets reabsorbed into the blood
48
The cell that contains all of the resources and cytoplasm will
go through meiosis II until to create one big ovum
49
An ovum contains
23 chromosomes
Cytoplasm full of nutrients
Outer protective layer called corona radiata
50
What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
Seminal vessicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
51
What is the site of spermatogenesis?
Seminiferous tubules
52
Spermatogenesis requires temperature of _________ body temperature which is why testes are located on the outside of the body
2 degrees Fahrenheit below
53
Sustentacular cells contain spermatogonia in the testes respond to FSH to
- Support mitosis, meiosis, sperm differentiation
- Form blood-testes barrier
- Secrete inhibin which suppresses FSH release
54
Leydig cells (interstitial cells) function to ______ when stimulated by LH
secrete androgens
55
During fetal development, male gonads go through _____ and leave a vulnerable area leaving men prone to hernias in this area
descent of the testes
56
If a male gets too cold, it can impact sperm production so in response
Dartos and Cremastor muscle will contract and prevent sperm production
57
Eggs must be kept at _____ degrees fahrenheit and the body will sacrifice limbs in order to maintain this temperature
98.6 degrees
58
Ducts and accessory glands serve what function for males?
-Provide area for maturation, nourishment, storage, and transport of spermatozoa
59
How long is the epididymus?
23 feet long
60
________ moves immobile sperm through the epididymus
Peristaltic contractions
61
How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymus?
2 weeks
62
Passage through epididymus is required for
functional maturation of spermatozoa
63
How long is the ductus deferens?
18 inches
64
The urethra is a _____ function duct in males
Dual function
65
A typical ejaculate is ____ mL of fluid
2-5 mL of fluid
66
A typical ejaculate contains _____ spermatozoa per mL
20-100 million
67
What are the functions of semen fluid?
- Activates flagella
- Neutralizes acids of male urethral tract and female reproductive tract
- Antibiotic activity
- Contains proteases to dissolve vaginal mucous
68
What is the average pH of semen?
7.2-7.6
69
pre ejaculatory fluid is
buffers secreted to neutralize the urethra
70
Female and male reproductive tracts are slightly acidic in order to
inhibit bacterial growth
71
Accessory glands provide exocrine secretions that form ____ % of semen fluid
95%
72
Seminal vesicles secretions form ____% of total semen volume
60%
73
The prostate gland secretes ______% of semen volume
30%
74
Bulbourethral glands function to
Secrete alkaline mucous with lubricating properties
75
What is the reproductive function of the penis?
To deliver semen to vagina of female reproductive tract
76
The penis contains 3 columns of erectile tissue:
2 corpus cavernosa
| 1 corpus spongiosum
77
Erectile tissue contains many _______ that can be filled with blood and drained by venules
vascular sinuses
78
_____ stimulation is responsible for arousal in both males and females
Parasympathetic stimulation
79
Trace the pathway of an erection
Parasympathetic stimulation
Nitric oxide released
Increased cGMP in response to NO (2nd messenger) inside smooth muscles to result in vessel dilation
Blood flows in and compresses venules
80
What is impotence
Inability to get or maintain an erection
81
```
Viagra, cialis, and levitra are drugs used to treat ED. Which of the following are possible ways these could function?
A. increase rate of NO breakdown
B. block receptors for NO
C. mimic effects of NO
D. inhibit breakdown of cGMP
E. A and B
F. C and D
```
F. C and D
82
What is detumescence?
Subsidence of erection
83
What produces detumescence?
Sympathetic stimulation
Constriction of arterioles
Blood flows out of veins
84
Why would a long lasting erection require you to go to the ER?
A drop in BP occurs because the blood is stuck in the penis
85
Orgasm and ejaculation are examples of ______ stimulation
sympathetic
86
What makes up the emission reflex?
- Semen moves into urethra
- Peristalsis in glands and ducts
- Internal urinary sphincter closes
87
Emission reflex occurs in response to
Sympathetic stimulation
88
Ejaculation is
the movement of semen out the urethra
89
Ejaculation occurs as a result of
Rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscles at base of penis
90
Following ejaculation
erection subsides
| heart rate increases
91
Ovaries function to produce
Oocytes
92
What hormones do ovaries produce?
Estrogens
Progesterone
Inhibin
93
During the fetal development of ovaries,
oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes
94
From puberty through menopause
Primary oocytes and surrounding follicular cells undergo further development when stimulated by FSH
95
Every month, how many oocytes START development?
20-25
96
How many oocytes will finish meiosis II and become an ovum?
1
97
The ovarian follicle contains
Follicular cells
| Oocyte
98
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
```
GnRH triggers release of FSH
FSH binds to follicle cells
Follicular cells multiply
Oocyte begins to develop
Follicle cells secrete estrogen
```
99
The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle continues until oocyte
is halfway through meiosis II
100
Around day 14 of the ovarian cycle, your body has a surge of
LH
101
LH surge signals ovulation to occur within
24 hours
102
Ovulation is when
An ovum is surrounded by a cyst, it ruptures after leaving the ovary. The ovum is then swept up by the frimbiae.
103
Follicle cells that left with the ovum during ovulation become
Corona radiata
104
Follicle cells that remained in the ovary following ovulation become
Corpus luteum
105
The corpus luteum secretes
progesterone and a little estrogen
106
Follicle cells secrete
Estrogen when bound with FSH
107
As follicle cells continue to divide in the presence of FSH estrogen levels will
increase
108
Progesterone prevents
menstruation and keeps endometrial lining in tact
109
What hormone is secreted when you're pregnant to keep corpus luteum in tact in order to maintain the endometrial lining?
HCG
110
Frimbiae function to
help move ovum into tube
111
An oocyte is transported through the uterine tube via
Peristalsis and cilia
112
Fertilization must occur
within 24 hours of ovulation (LH surge) while oocyte is in first third of tube
113
Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause
Scarring of the uterine tubes, preventing pregnancies
114
The functions of the uterus is to provide support for developing fetus through
- Mechanical protection
- Nutritional support
- Waste removal
115
The three layers of the uterus are
- Perimetrium (serosal)
- Myometrium (muscular)
- Endometrium (mucosal)
116
The two layers of the endometrium are the
```
basilar zone (permanent)
functional zone (shed once a month)
```
117
_____ causes the functional zone to keep growing
Estrogen and progesterone
118
_______ tells functional zone to continue to grow and if fertilization does not occur, estrogen drops and functional zone is shed
Ovaries
119
A baby's due date is calciulated from
the first day of the last menstrual cycle
120
The uterine cycle describes the
Repeating series of changes in endometrium of non-pregnant uterus
121
The uterine cycle is controlled by hormones and ______ with the ovarian cycle
Synchronized
122
Average range of a uterine cycle is
21-35 day
123
Why does the functional zone grow in thickness?
In order to prepare to receive embryo
124
Which of the following is true of the uterine cycle?
A. growth of the functional zone is stimulated by progesterone produced by developing follicle
B. Ovulation causes surge in LH that triggers shedding of endometrial functional zone
C. deterioration of the corpus luteum leads to higher levels of progesterone causing increased growth of functional zone
D. Major role of inhibin is to prevent fertilization of oocyte by sperm
E. none of the above
E. none of the above
125
The vagina has ______ allowing for expansion
Rugae
126
________ move sperm upward through vagina into the uterus
peristaltic contractions
127
What are the major functions of the vagina?
- passage for exiting mesntrual fluids
- Receives penis during intercourse
- Forms inferior portion of the birth canal
128
The partial membranous covering of the vestibule is the
Hymen
129
Greater vestibular glands
Secrete into vaginal opening during sexual arousal
130
Menopause typically occurs by age ______ when the supply of oocytes in ovaries is depleted
45-55
131
Atresia is
Loss of oocytes and primordial follicles over time
132
During menopause, FSH is unable to activate enough follicles to produce sufficient
Estrogen
133
When ovulation ceases, neither ____ or _____ are secreted
estrogen
| progesterone
134
Cervical cancer is most commonly caused by
HPV
135
What are fibroids?
Non cancerous tumors in the uterus
136
Ovarian cancer is deadly because it
is hard to detect
137
What is dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation (cramps)
138
What is endometriosis
When functional zone cells divide and move outside of the perimetrium
139
How long is prenatal development?
38-40 weeks
140
A baby is called an embryo during
the first 2 months after fertilization
141
A baby is called a fetus
9 weeks and onward
142
Fertilization is when
Haploid ovum and haploid sperm fuse to form diploid zygote
143
A haploid is
23 chromosomes
144
A diploid is
23 pairs of chromosomes
145
Multiple spermatozoa are required in order to
release sufficient hyaluroniase and acrosin to break through corona radiata
146
If you have identical twins
the oocyte in first stage of mitosis will divide each into separate embryos
147
Fraternal twins are produced by
2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm
148
When an oocyte is fertilized ____ sperm enter the oocyte
1
149
The membrane of an ova _______ immediately in order to prevent ______
depolarize
| polyspermy
150
When a sperm enters an ovum, and the membrane depolarizes, female and male ______ fuse to produce diploid nucleus
pronucleus
151
What part of an oocyte supports embryogenesis for the first week?
Cytoplasm
152
As a zygote divides into multiple cells differences in cytoplasmic composition in the cells trigger the activation of different genes by
Induction, differentiation
153
The four phases of the first trimester are
- Cleavage
- Implantation
- Placentation
- Embryogenesis
154
During cleavage,
zygote divides by mitosis to form morula then blastocyst
155
During implantation
blastocyst burrows into uterine endometrium
156
During placentation
Membranes spread within endometrium, develop blood vessels that come in close contact with maternal blood
157
During embryogenesis
A viable embryo is formed
158
Only ____ of pregnancies will turn in a viable embryo
40%
159
A morula is
a ball of undifferentiated cells
160
A blastocyst is
a hollow sphere with cell differentiation
161
Trophoblast is the outer layer of cells that will become
Placenta
162
Inner cell mass is a cluster of cells in a blastocyst that will form
the embryo
163
Ectopic pregnancy is when
implantation occurs in uterine tube
164
Placenta previa is when
implantation occurs too low and placenta blocks opening of cervix
165
Implantation occurs approximately ____ after fertilization
10-12
166
During implantation:
- blastocyst burrows into endometrium
- Trophoblast secretes hyaluronidase
- Edometrium forms over blastocyst
167
During placentation
- trophoblast spreads within endometrium and dissolves through maternal blood vessels
- Maternal blood flows through open lacunae
- Chorion forms and chorionic villi extend into lacunae
168
During placentation chorionic villi extend into lacunae in order to
gather nutrients and release waste
169
Embryogenesis occurs as the
inner cell mass begins differentiation after implantation
170
During embryogenesis what happens
- Embryonic disk, amniotic cavity, and yolk sac form
| - Chorion sac lines the outside of the blastocoele
171
During the second trimester
organ systems increase in complexity
172
During the third trimester
-organ systems become fully functional
173
What does placenta do?
Provides exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between fetus and mother.
- Helps maintain pregnancy and prepare for birth via endocrine secretions
174
What hormone is released at the beginning of pregnancy and what does it do?
HCG
Maintains corpus luteum
Continues progesterone secretion to keep endometrium in tact
175
What hormones support mammary gland development?
hPL and prolactin
176
What does Relaxin do?
Increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilation of cervix as well as supresses oxytocin release
177
Early breast milkis called
Clostrum
178
There is a _____ % blood volume increase and
50%
| you urinate more frequently
179
Strong rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the uterus occurs to start labor in response to
oxytocin
| prostaglandins
180
What factors prevent early contractions?
Progesterone from placenta inhibits muscle contraction
Myometrium is less sensitive to oxytocin
Oxytocin is present in trace amounts
181
What factors cause contractions and initiate labor?
- Estrogen released by placenta to increase smooth muscle oxytocin sensitivity
- Maternal and fetal pituitary secrete oxytocin
- Endometrium secretes prostaglandins in resqponse to oxytocin and estrogen
182
What arethe stages of labor?
Dilation
Expulsion
Placental
183
During dilation stage of labor
Cervix dilates, fetus moves toward cervical canal, amniotic sac ruptures
184
During expulsion stage of labor
Cervix completes dilation fetus emerges
185
What is parturition?
Delivery/birth
186
What is ephasement?
Thinning of the cervix
