Immunisations and Prophylaxis

Question 1

RECAP- what are the two types of immunity?

Answer 1

Innate
Adaptive

Question 2

In response to infection, which immunoglobulins are produced primarily?

Answer 2

IgM antibody produced first, then IgG

->there was a youtube video that said who do you to fist whenever something is wrong, your Mum so M=mum, IgM produced first

Question 3

What happens to response speed when the body in exposed to an infection for the second time?

Answer 3

Response occurs a lot more quickly

Question 4

If using a killed vaccine, how many doses are often needed?

Answer 4

3

Question 5

If using a live vaccine, how many doses are often needed?

Answer 5

1

Question 6

Give some examples of live attenuated vaccines.

Answer 6

MMR
BCG
Varicella-zoster virus
Smallpox
Typhoid
Polio
Rotavirus

Question 7

Which live attenuated vaccines can be taken orally?

Answer 7

Typhoid
Polio
Rotavirus

Question 8

MMR?

Answer 8

Measles, mumps and rubella

Question 9

List some inactivated/killed vaccines.

Answer 9

Polio (in combined DTPHib vaccine)
HepA
Cholera
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Influenza

Question 10

Which killed/inactive vaccine can be taken orally?

Answer 10

Cholera

Question 11

Give two examples of detoxified toxin vaccines.

Answer 11

Diphtheria
Tetanus

Question 12

Subunit vaccines are composed of protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen that are capable of inducing a protective immune response.

List some subunit vaccines.

Answer 12

Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Meningococcal group C
Pneumococcus
Typhoid
Anthrax
HepB

Question 13

Children are often given vaccines with multiple vaccines at once.
What is included in the Infanrix hexa or the ‘6 in 1 vaccine’?

DTaPIPVHibHBV hahhaha

Answer 13

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Haemophilus influezae b
HepB

Question 14

Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 2 months?

Answer 14

6-in-1
Rotavirus
MenB

->repeated at various intervals in age

Question 15

Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 2-8?

Answer 15

Influenza nasal

Question 16

Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 3-5?

Answer 16

DTaP/IPV
MMR

Question 17

Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 12-13?

Answer 17

HPV x2

Question 18

Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 14?

Answer 18

dT/IPV booster
Men ACWY

Question 19

What % of the population need to be vaccinated for herd immuinity?

Answer 19

90-95%

Question 20

What is the BCG vaccine against?

Answer 20

TB

Question 21

Who gets the BCG vaccine?

Answer 21

-Some infants in areas with high annual incidence of TB or if parents/grandparents born in areas with higher incidence
-Children screened at school w TB risk factors
-New immigrants from high TB prevalence countries
-Contacts of resp TB patients
-Healthcare workers

Question 22

Which condition gets a nee vaccine developed every year?

Answer 22

Influenza vaccine

Question 23

List some of the indications for the influenza vaccines.

Answer 23

Age >65
Nursing home residents
Health care workers
Immunodeficiency
Diabetes
Pregnancy

Question 24

There are two types of pneumococcal vaccine.

When are they given?

Answer 24

One given in childhood
One given to those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection

Question 25

Who gets HepB vaccine?

Answer 25

New born children (from 2018, part of 6-1) Children at high risk exposure to HepB Healthcare workers Prisoners Chronic kidney/liver disease

Question 26

Who gets the varicella-zoster vaccine (chickenpox)?

Answer 26

Suppressed immune systems e.g. cancer treatment or organ transplant Healthcare worker Children at risk of severe chickenpox

Question 27

Who gets the Herpes zoster vaccine (shingles)?

Answer 27

All elderly patients 70-80

Question 28

There is such a thing as passive immunisation with immunoglobulins. What does human normal immunoglobulin contain?

Answer 28

Contains antibodies against HepA, rubella and measles

Question 29

When may someone be given normal human immunoglobulin for passive immunisation?

Answer 29

Used in immunoglobulin deficiency Treatment of some autoimmune disorder e.g. myasthenia gravis

Question 30

Give some examples of disease specific immunoglobulins.

Answer 30

HepB Ig Rabies Ig Tetanus anti-toxin Ig Varicella Zoster Ig Diptheria anti-toxin Ig

Question 31

What are some of the general measures given as travel advice?

Answer 31

Care with food/water Hand washing Sunburn/sunstroke Altitude RTA Safer sex Mosquitos- bed nets, sprays, covering up

Question 32

List some common immunisations for travellers, bearing in mind that some may be booster vaccines.

Answer 32

Tetanus Polio Typhoid HepA Yellow fever Cholera

Question 33

List some of the immunisations for travellers in special circumstances.

Answer 33

Men ACWY Rabies Diphtheria Japanese B encephalitis Tick borne encephalitis

Question 34

Antimicrobial prophylaxis?

Answer 34

Use of medicines to prevent infection

Question 35

Give an example of a disease in which chemoprophylaxis may be given.

Answer 35

Malaria

Question 36

Give an example when someone may get post-exposure prophylaxis.

Answer 36

Ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease

Question 37

Give an example when someone may get HIV post-exposure prophylaxis.

Answer 37

Needle stick injury Sexual intercourse

Question 38

When else is prophylaxis routinely given in hospital?

Answer 38

Before surgery

Question 39

What is the ABCD for malaria prevention?

Answer 39

Awareness of risk Bite prevention Chemoprophylaxis Diagnosis and treatment

Question 40

What can be done as bite provention?

Answer 40

Cover-up at dawn and dusk Insect repellent sprays Mosquito coils Mosquito bed nets

Question 41

List some potential chemoprophylaxis against malaria.

Answer 41

Malarone daily Doxycycline daily Mefloquine weekly Chloroquine weekly + proquanil daily Choice depends on country

Question 42

Which chemoprophylaxis is not suitable for children?

Answer 42

Doxycycline