Zoonoses

Question 1

What is zoonosis?

Answer 1

Infectious diseases spread naturally between humans and animals

Question 2

How are zoonotic diseases usually transmitted?

Answer 2

Airborne
Direct contact with animals e.g. bite
Food borne e.g. drinking contaminated meat or milk
Close proximity to animals

Question 3

Give some examples of bacterial zoonotic diseases.

Answer 3

Salmonella related conditions
Campylobacter related conditions
Plague
Shigella

Question 4

Give some examples of viral zoonotic diseases.

Answer 4

Rabies
Avian influenza
Ebola
Yellow fever
Crimean=Congo Haemorrhagic fever

Question 5

Give some examples of parasitic zoonotic diseases.

Answer 5

Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans

Question 6

Give some examples of fungal zoonotic diseases.

Answer 6

Dermatophytosis
Sporotrichosis

Question 7

List some of the more common UK zoonotic conditions.

Answer 7

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
Ringworm/dermatophytosis
Q-fever
Psittacosis

Question 8

Why are the following not considered to be a zoonotic disease?

Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, Elephantiasis

Answer 8

All of these are transmitted by animals, like zoonotic conditions, but depend of humans as a host for part of their life cycle

Question 9

Anthroponosis?

Answer 9

Reverse zoonosis
Humans infecting animals

Question 10

Give some examples of anthroponosis.

Answer 10

Influenza
Strep throat
Leishmaniasis
Chytridiomycosis

Question 11

Why is there increasing pathogen emergence?

Answer 11

Change in land use
Human population growth
Globalisation and air travel (things can be spread across the world)
Changing human behaviours e.g. travel, eating, exotic pets

Question 12

How is lyme disease transmitted?

Answer 12

By ticks

Question 13

In which animal does Lyme disease originate?

Answer 13

Wild deer

Question 14

When is it most common to get Lyme disease?

Answer 14

In the summer

Question 15

What is the classic sign of Lyme disease?

Answer 15

Erythema migrans (bullseye bite)

->if they have this, no further tests required, this is diagnostic as so specific

Question 16

When does the erythema migrans appear?

Answer 16

Anywhere between 3-90 days after the bite

Question 17

What are some of the early symptoms of Lyme disease?

Answer 17

Fever
Chills
Headache
Fatigue

Question 18

What are some of the later symptoms of Lyme disease?

Answer 18

Facia palsy
Irregular heartbeat
Dizziness

Question 19

How can Lyme disease affect the brain?

Answer 19

Can cause neuroborreliosis, a triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain and lymphocytic meningitis

Question 20

How long after the bite doe the symptoms of neuroborreliosis occur?

Answer 20

2-6 weeks after bites

Question 21

If you suspect Lyme disease but the patient does not have erythema migrans, what gets done?

Answer 21

ELISA test

Question 22

What is the treatment of Lyme disease?

Answer 22

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin alterative

Question 23

What is the treatment of Lyme disease if worried about neuroborreliosis?

Answer 23

IV ceftriaxone

Question 24

What is Leptospirosis?

Answer 24

One of the most widespread zoonosis
Has many reservoir hosts, commonly rats via urine
Penetrates abraded skin or mucous membranes and causes systemic illness

Question 25

Which zoonotic condition would be likely in someone who partakes in water sports?

Answer 25

Leptospirosis

Question 26

What are some of the symptoms of leptospirosis?

Answer 26

Undifferentiated fever; myalgia, headaches, abdo pain Severe in 5-15%: Weil's triad- jaundice, AKI, bleeding Pulmonary haemorrhage ->in severe, fatality rate is 5-40%

Question 27

Which investigations are used in the investigation of leptospirosis?

Answer 27

Serology of IgM and IgG Microscopic agglutination test

Question 28

What is the treatment for leptospirosis?

Answer 28

Doxycycline Amoxicillin or azithromycin as second line

Question 29

What is the treatment for severe leptospirosis?

Answer 29

Ceftriaxone

Question 30

If someone has an acute infection of leptospirosis, which is seen IgG or IgA?

Answer 30

IgA ->idk think A for acute

Question 31

Rabies?

Answer 31

Viral infection transmitted by the bite of an infected animal

Question 32

What are some of the animals which can transmit rabies?

Answer 32

Dogs Bats Monkeys Foxes Raccoons Skunks

Question 33

How long is the incubation of rabies?

Answer 33

1-3 months typically but could be years

Question 34

Symptoms of rabies can either be furious or paralytic. What are some of the furious symptoms of rabies?

Answer 34

Hydrophobia Insomnia Confusion Agitation Coma

Question 35

Symptoms of rabies can either be furious or paralytic. What are some of the paralytic symptoms of rabies?

Answer 35

Ascending flaccid paralysis Fever Confusion Coma

Question 36

Why can people with rabies have hydrophobia??

Answer 36

This is interesting The virus is in the salivary glands so is trying to prevent you diluting it down with water!

Question 37

What are the investigations used in rabies?

Answer 37

PCR of skin biopsy, saliva

Question 38

What is the treatment of rabies?

Answer 38

No standard treatment regime Milwakee protocol can be used but often not effective

Question 39

Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given. How many doses if the patient has already be fully vaccinated against rabies?

Answer 39

2 doses- one on the day of the bite and one 3-7 days after

Question 40

Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given. How many doses if the patient has is not immunised against rabies?

Answer 40

HRIG and 4 doses on days 0, 3, 7, 21 after bite

Question 41

Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given. How many doses if the patient has is not immunised against rabies AND is immunocompromised?

Answer 41

HRIG and 5 doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 after bite

Question 42

What is the ecology of ebola?

Answer 42

Reservoir host e.g. bats biting another animal in which humans will come into close contact with

Question 43

Is Ebola transmitted from humans to humans?

Answer 43

Yes- highly infective

Question 44

What is the usual incubation period of Ebola?

Answer 44

2-21 days

Question 45

What are the symptoms of Ebola?

Answer 45

Dry- fever, fatigue, aches and pains Wet- vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhage

Question 46

Which investigations are used in Ebola?

Answer 46

PCR Serology- IgM and IgG

Question 47

What is the treatment for Ebola?

Answer 47

INMAZEB- 3 monoclonal antibodies EBANGA- 1 monoclonal antibody ->bind to the virus to prevent it causing disease and damage