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Year 2- Infectious Disease > Infectious Diarrhoea > Flashcards

Infectious Diarrhoea Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stools like in diarrhoea?

A

Increase in fluidity and frequency of stool

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2
Q

What are stools like in gastroenteritis?

A

Three or more loose stools / day with accompanying features

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3
Q

What are stools like in dysentery?

A

Bloody stools

->type of large bowel inflammation btw

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4
Q

Which chart is used to differentiate between types of stool?

A

Bristol stool chart

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5
Q

What are some of the causes of gastro-enteritis?

A

Food poisoning
Travel related infections
Person-to-person spread

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6
Q

A lot of chicken which is intensely farmed can be contaminated with what bacteria which can cause gastro-enteritis?

A

Campylobacter

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7
Q

Which type of microorganism most commonly causes gastroenteritis?

A

Viruses

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8
Q

Despite viruses being the main cause of gastroenteritis, which would be the most common bacteria pathogen causing it?

A

Campylobacter

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9
Q

What are some of the defence against enteric* infections?

*intestine related

A

Hygiene
Stomach acidity
Normal gut flora
Immunity

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10
Q

Patients on which type of drug may be more likely to develop gastroenteritis?

A

Those on antacids

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11
Q

Give an example of a non-inflammatory gastroenteritis.

A

Cholera

->not seen much clinically

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12
Q

Give an example of an inflammatory gastroenteritis.

A

Shigella dysentery

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13
Q

Give an example of a non-inflammatory/inflammatory mixed gastroenteritis.

A

C,difficle diarrhoea

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14
Q

Features of non-inflammatory gastroenteritis?

A

Frequent watery stools with little abdominal pain

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15
Q

What is the mechanism driving diarrhoea in cholera?

A

Increased cAMP results in loss of Cl from cells along with Na and K
Osmotic effects lead to massive loss of water from the gut

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16
Q

What are the features of inflammatory gastroenteritis?

A

Pain and fever and diarrhoea

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17
Q

What is the treatment for diarrhoeal illnesses like gastroenteritis?

A

Rehydration

->sometimes antibiotics also required

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18
Q

What are some of the features of inflammation?

A

Fever
Raised WCC

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19
Q

How can hydration be assessed?

A

Postural BP, skin turgor, pulse

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20
Q

In diarrhoea, not only water is lost but also electrolytes.
Which electrolytes?

A

Sodium, potassium and chloride

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21
Q

Which investigations would be carried out in investigating a patient with diarrhoea?

A

Stool culture
Blood culture
Renal function
Blood count
Abdominal x-ray or CT is abdomen is distended or tender

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22
Q

Rectal carcinomas lead to the presence of what in stool?

A

Blood and mucus

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23
Q

Oral rehydration involves a solution with what?

A

Salt and sugar

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24
Q

What is the most common type of bacterial gastroenteritis?

A

Campylobacter gastroenteritis

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25
What is important to note about culturing of stool in patients with campylobacter gastroenterirs?
Stool culture will be negative for the first 6 weeks
26
Campylobacter gastroenteritis can be harder to link to food poisoning, why?
There is up to 7 day incubation period so dietary history may be unreliable
27
What is a feature of campylobacter gastroenteritis?
Severe abdominal pain
28
Which conditions can occur after campylobacter gastroenteritis?
Guillain-Barre syndrome Reactive arthritis
29
How long does it take for the symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis to present after exposure?
<48hrs after exposure
30
How long does the diarrhoea typically last in patients with salmonella gastroenteritis?
<10 days
31
What is a common complication of salmonella gastroenteritis?
Post-infectious irritable bowel
32
What is E.coli O157 spread from?
Infection from contaminated meat or person-person spread
33
What is the typical characteristic of E.coli O157 infection?
Frequent bloody stools
34
Which toxin does E.coli O157 produce?
Shiga toxin ->important to note that E.coli O157 stays in the gut but the toxin gets into the blood
35
What can the shiga toxin cause to happen?
HUS syndrome ->haemolytic anaemia and renal failure
36
What is the treatment for HUS syndrome?
Supportive treatment, antibiotics NOT indicated
37
When would gastroenteritis patients be given antibiotics?
Immunocompromised Severe sepsis or invasive infection Chronic illness e.g. malignancy
38
What is the commonest cause of bacterial food poisoning in the UK?
Campylobacter
39
What are some of the more common sources of campylobacter?
Chicken, contaminated milk. puppy faeces
40
Why do we in the UK usually avoid infection of Campylobacter from milk?
Our milk is pasteurised so any bacteria is destroyed
41
What are the two species of salmonella?
Salmonella enterira Salmonella bongori
42
Which bacteria causes 'traveller's diarrhoea'?
Enterotoxic E.Coli
43
What is the difference between infection and intoxication?
Infection- inject bacteria which then colonises the gut Intoxication- eating food which is already infected
44
In patients with C.diff diarrhoea, what do they usually have history of?
Previous antibiotic treatment
45
Which two toxins does C.diff produce?
Enterotoxin and cytotoxin
46
Which treatments can be used to treat C.diffocile?
Metronidazole Oral vancomycin Fidaxomicin Stool transplants
47
How can C.diff infection be prevented?
Reducing broad spectrum antibiotic prescribing
48
What are the 4C's which can cause C.difficile infection?
Cephalosporins Co-amoxiclav Clindamycin Ciprofloxacin
49
What is the treatment for C.diff infection?
Stop the precipitating antibiotic if possible Follow published treatment algorithm Oral vancomycin if 2 or more severity markers ->severity markers include raised temperature, raised WCC, acute rising creatinine, suspicion of toxic megacolon
50
What is giardiasis?
Infection caused by giardia, a type of protozoa
51
What are the symptoms of giardiasis?
Abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea and bouts of watery diarrhoea, malabsorption and failure to thrive
52
What is the transmission of giardiasis?
Contaminated water
53
What are the two forms of giaedia?
Cysts Trophozoites
54
Which type of the giardia would be picked up on tool microscopy?
Cysts
55
What is the treatment for gliadiasis?
Metronidazole
56
Another important UK parasite is cryptosporidium. What are the two forms?
Oocysts Trophazoites
57
What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis?
Watery diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever
58
What is the mode of transmission for cryptosporidium?
Ingestion of oocysts in faecal contaminated water
59
What is the treatment for cryptosporidium?
Rehydration
60
What is one of the long term problems of Entamoeba histolytica infection, a type of imported parasity?
Liver abscess
61
How is Entamoeba histolytica infection treated?
Metronidazole Diloanide furoate
62
What is one of the most common causes of viral diarrhoea in children under 5?
Rotavirus
63
How is a diagnosis of rotavirus or adenovirus made?
Rapid antigen detection
64
Which disease is known as the winter vomiting disease and can cause diarrhoea and vomiting?
Norovirus
65
How does norovirus spread?
Highly infectious, often hear of hospital or cruise outbreaks
66
How is a diagnosis of norovirus made?
PCR
67
Name three organisms which cause localised illness in the intestine.
Rotavirus Noravirus Cholera
68
Name three organisms which are toxin-mediated.
E.Coli O157 C.diff Staph Aureus
69
I WOULD RECOMMEND THE DIARRHOEAL ILLNESS CBL MODULE REALLY GOOD
girl....you better do it

Year 2- Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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