Immunity

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

Anything that can cause disease other than those that cause physical damage.

Living: Bacteria, fungus, protozoa
Nonliving: virus, prion

Question 2

Nonspecific vs Specific Immunity

Answer 2

Nonspecific: Physical barriers and some cells that are really good at identifying what should not be in your body. Inborn, same defense regardless of pathogen effect
Specific: Adapative immunity (produces antibodies against things that you have already gone through). Body building immunity ex. antibodies

Question 3

Virus

Answer 3

DNA/RNA that attaches to your cells, nonliving, lipid or protien coat ex. flu, covid, hiv

Question 4

Prion

Answer 4

Misfolded protien–> since one is misfolded it causes others to be misfolded, nonliving

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

Living, prokaryote, unicellular ex. e coli, tuberculosis, pnemunia

Question 6

Fungus

Answer 6

living, eukaryote, unicellular ex ring worm

Question 7

Protozoa

Answer 7

living, similar to bacteria, can be more complex

Question 8

First line of Defense

Answer 8

Physical & chemical barriers. ex. gastric acid, poop, urine, vomit, saliva, skin, swear, selbum
Integumaentary system (skin): largest surface area of any organ, protection, maintenance of homeostasis, sensory, synthesis.

Question 9

Second line of defense

Answer 9

Internal cellular & chemical defense: phagocytic leukoyocytes, interferons, inflamatory, fever (high temp helps kill off virus, alerts other cells that something is going on), antimicrobial protiens, neutrophils, histamine (brings lots of cells to the infected areas to fight off infection). More specific responses than the first line.

Question 10

Primary

Answer 10

Red bone marrow: where white & red blood cells are made
Thymus gland: makes t cells (viral infections b cells are bacterial infections)

Question 11

Secondary

Answer 11

Spleen: recylces nutrients
Lymphinods: pockets of lymph

Question 12

Phagocytosis

Answer 12

Process of a cell engulfing a foriegn thing, phagocyte is the cell doing it. Macrophages: cell that can acomplish this

Question 13

Interferon

Answer 13

Attacks virally infected cells, stops cell before it can replicate, helps prevent the spread of disease to other cells

Question 14

Third Line of Defense

Answer 14

Lymphocytes: b & t cells, able to acomplish very specific responses, a lot of unique specific types that we can use, memory (storage for next time)
Effector cells: clear a current infection
Memory cells: ready for invader to enter second or third time
Antibody: specific shape that they can bond to an antigen (markers on cells that tell it whether or not it belongs in the cell)
Tcells: communicate inbetween immune cells (telling them what antibodies to make)