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immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunology?

A

study of how the body responds to and resists foreign pathogens and other foreign substances

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2
Q

what are pathogens?

A

a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease

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2
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help the body to get rid of toxins, waste, and pathogens

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2
Q

what are nodes?

A

for immune assessment, drains, removes intersitial fluid from tissues and delivers foreign material

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2
Q

how many nodes do humans have?

A

500 to 600

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2
Q

what is lymph?

A

intersitial fluid clear to white fluid, that contains white blood cells and chyle

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2
Q

what is chyle?

A

proteins and fatty acids

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2
Q

functions of lympatic system?

A

adaptive response site, nodes, fluid homeostasis, transports fatty acids, transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes

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2
Q

what does a lacteal do?

A

transports triglycerides and cholesteral

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2
Q

what is the innate line of defense?

A

fully ready to respond before an invader has been encountered

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2
Q

innate examples?

A

external, tough outer skin impenetrable to bacteria and viruses, secretions, and membranes covered with hair and mucus. Internal, phagocytic cells, defensive proteins, inflammatory response, and acidic stomach

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity line of defense?

A

activated by exposure to specific invaders

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2
Q

example of adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes, b cells antibodies, t cells cell mediated response, and white blood cells

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2
Q

what are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A

neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils

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2
Q

what is the inflammatory response?

A

Damaged cells release chemicals that increase blood flow to the injured area and turn the wound red and warm

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2
Q

what happens to the c-reactive protein?

A

it increases now used as marker for inflammation

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2
Q

what is opsonization?

A

enhances phagocytosis using complement C3b

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2
Q

what is C3b?

A

binds target and triggers phagocytosis and chemoattractant

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2
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

b cells generate antibodies to target extracellular pathogens, mature in the bone marrow (humoral for humors “4humors”)

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2
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

immunity not involving antibodies but t cells torecognize and destroy infected cells, which mature in the thymus

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2
Q

where do B cells and T cells go?

A

eventually make their way to lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs

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2
Q

what are antigens?

A

are molecules on the surfaces of viruses or foreign cells and elicit a response from a lymphocyte

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2
Q

what are epitopes?

A

antigenic sites

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2
Q

what are idiotopes?

A

variable regions outside of the binding regions

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2
what are antibodies made of?
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, each light chain bound to heavy chain by disulfide and heavy chain bound to heavy chain
2
what is the process of antibody structure?
recombination deletes DNA between randomly selected V segment and J segment, transcription of permanently rearranged functional gene, RNA processing, translation
2
how many Ab genes are there?
humans can make up to 10^12 different Ab, humans have 10000 of H chains and 200 L chains which only make 2 million different proteins
2
how is diversity created?
a combination of variable regions in H and L chains
2
what does the constant heavy region do?
determines class of antibodies
2
what is clonal selection?
generates b and t cells apporpriate to the invading antigen and is the mechanism that underlies the immune system's specificity and memory of antigens
2
what is acquired immunological tolerance?
a type of immunity that develops when a persons immune system responds to a foreign microorganisms/substance, an induced state in which antigens originally regarded as foreign become regarded as self by the immune system
2
what are cytotoxic t cells?
t cells that kill virally infected cells, identify and find infected body cells through an HLA complex, synthesize perforin proteins which makes holes in the infected cell
2
what is perforin?
makes holes in infected cells plasma membrane
2
what can t cells interact with?
a self MHC-Ag complex
2
what are risk groups for vaccines?
living in close quarters, international travelers, working with infected animals or animal products, military and some civilians
2
what is autism spectrum disorder?
a group of complex disorders of brain developement, patients communicate, interact, behave, learn differently, rigid repetitive behavior
2
what is herd immunity?
a means of protecting a community from disease by immunizing a critcal mass of its populace
2
what is a disease threshold?
minimum number of immune individuals necessary in a population to prevent an outbreak
2
what is passive immunity?
premade antibodies in another animal/human
2
what is IgAs?
immunity from mothers milk
2
what is IgGs?
immunity from mother through placenta to fetus
3
what is anthrax?
caused by bacillus anthracis, Pasteur treated sheep with attenuated strain challenged vaccinated animals with anthrax
4
what is rabies?
caused by rabies virus, encephalitis resulting from bites of infected animals
5
who is joseph meister?
received the first rabies vaccine, first use of an attenuated vaccine
6
what is polio?
infectious infantile paralysis, spreads through feces, oral route to CNS, develop respiratory non paralytic polio, muscular weakness
7
treatments for polio?
iron lung, eventual respiratory failure, last iron lung patient died
8
what is the salks vaccine?
inactivated injected form in 1953
9
what is the sabins vaccine?
oral attenuated form in 196
10
what is tetanus toxin?
caused painful contractions of neck and jaw, interference with breathing- death
11
how is ebola transmitted?
infected animals to humans, human to human
12
what is a treatment for ebola?
supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids
12
what is centripetal?
distribution of lesions inwards to trunk
13
what is centrifugal?
distribution of lesions outwards to soles of feet
14
what are allergies?
Exaggerated sensitivities to harmless antigens in the environment, mediated by Ig E, results from cross linking of IgE bound to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells, occur primarily on mucosal surfaces, heavily associated with increased TH2 like cytokines
15
what is an allergen?
a substance that induces a type 1 hypersensitive reaction
16
what is the PK reaction?
demonstrated that allergies are mediated by antibodies (allergy test)
17
what are localized reactions examples?
hay fever, asthma, hives, atopic dermatitis
18
what are systemic?
anaphylaxis
19
what are mites?
dermatophagoides, prefer high humidity in bedding and carpets
20
what are drug based strategies?
block de granulation, block histamine receptors, reduce histamine synthesis
21
what is hypo sensitization?
inject allergen repeatedly over time, subcutaneous or sublingual introduction of allergen, IgGs against IgE
22
what is block IgE with monoclonals?
omalizumab, IgG anti IgE
23
what are erythroblastosis fetalis?
type two hypersensitivity, Rh reaction in fetus
24
what are autoimmune diseases?
when the immune system improperly turns against the body's own molecules it can lead to serious autoimmune diseases
25
examples of autoimmune diseases?
lupus, insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis
26
what are immunodeficiency diseases?
results from one or more of the components of the immune system are lacking and leave affected people more susceptible infections
27
what is congenital?
adenosine deaminase
28
what is acquired?
HIV
29
what is aids?
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, attacks helper t cells and severely impairs humoral and cell mediated immunity

biology (14 decks)

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