macromolecules

Question 1

What type of reaction links two monomers together to form polymers?

Answer 1

Dehydration reaction

Question 2

What pH do stomach enzymes work best at?

Answer 2

pH 2

Question 3

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Dietary energy, storage energy, plant structure

Question 4

According to Chargaff’s rules, what is the base composition relationship?

Answer 4

A + G = C + T

Question 5

What is the tertiary structure of a protein influenced by?

Answer 5

Interactions between R groups

Question 6

What are the major types of proteins?

Answer 6

• Structural proteins
• Storage proteins
• Contractile proteins
• Transport proteins
• Enzymes

Question 7

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 7

• Starch
• Cellulose
• Glycogen

Question 8

How many calories of energy does 1 gm of fat store?

Answer 8

9 calories

Question 9

At what temperature can high fevers cause protein denaturation in humans?

Answer 9

Above 104°F

Question 10

What replaces thymine in RNA?

Answer 10

Uracil (U)

Question 11

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 11

• A five-carbon sugar
• A phosphate group
• A nitrogen-containing base (A, G, C, T)

Question 12

What is quaternary structure in proteins?

Answer 12

Made up of 4 polypeptide chains that must fit together to form a functional protein

Example: Hemoglobin.

Question 13

True or False: Most animal fats are liquid at room temperature.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What is the process that reverses a dehydration reaction?

Answer 14

Hydrolysis

Question 15

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 15

• Glucose
• Fructose

Question 16

What type of bond links nucleotide monomers?

Answer 16

Covalent bonds (phosphodiester bonds)

These bonds form between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.

Question 17

What factors affect protein shape?

Answer 17

Temperature and pH

Unfavorable changes can cause denaturation, leading to loss of shape.

Question 18

What is a gene?

Answer 18

A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

Question 19

What is competitive inhibition?

Answer 19

Compounds similar in shape to the substrate compete with the substrate by binding to the active site

Example: Disulfiram (antabuse) used in alcoholism treatment.

Question 20

What is the primary source of energy from carbohydrates in animals?

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

True or False: Most enzymes work best around pH 7.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the role of enzymes in proteins?

Answer 22

Help chemical reactions

Question 23

What is the role of chaperonins?

Answer 23

Assist in protein folding from linear to 3D structure.

Question 24

What are the two types of amino acids?

Answer 24

• Essential amino acids
• Non-essential amino acids

Question 25

What happens to enzymes at temperatures beyond 60°C?

Answer 25

Denaturation occurs, destroying the 3-D structure of the enzyme.

Question 26

What are the potential health effects of excessive saturated and trans fats?

Answer 26

Cardiovascular problems

Question 27

Fill in the blank: RNA is _______ stranded.

Answer 27

single

Question 28

What structure do two strands of DNA form?

Answer 28

A double helix.

Question 29

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 29

* Lactose * Sucrose

Question 30

What pH do intestinal enzymes work best at?

Answer 30

pH 8

Question 31

What are the four categories of large biological molecules?

Answer 31

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 32

What are disulfide bonds?

Answer 32

Covalent bonds linking sulfur of two different cysteine molecules ## Footnote Disulfide bonds are important in stabilizing protein structure.

Question 33

What are the storage forms of carbohydrates in animals and plants?

Answer 33

* Animals: Glycogen * Plants: Starch

Question 34

What are hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 34

When non-polar R groups are pushed to stay close together ## Footnote This occurs when polar groups form interactions with one another and is critical to enzyme structure and function.

Question 35

How many calories of energy does 1 gm of carbohydrate store?

Answer 35

4 calories

Question 36

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Answer 36

Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.

Question 37

Fill in the blank: Fats perform essential functions including ______, cushioning, insulation, and membranes.

Answer 37

[energy storage]

Question 38

What is the 'lock and key' model in enzymes?

Answer 38

The specific binding of enzyme to substrate at the active site.

Question 39

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 39

The unique sequence of amino acids

Question 40

What are enzymes?

Answer 40

Protein molecules that act as catalysts, increasing the rate of reaction and lowering the energy of activation.

Question 41

What are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?

Answer 41

* Alpha helix * Beta pleated sheets

Question 42

What happens to tau proteins in Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 42

They become defective and no longer stabilize microtubules in neurons.

Question 43

What is the common structure of a phospholipid?

Answer 43

A glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules

Question 44

What are nucleic acids made from?

Answer 44

Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides.

Question 45

What is the role of cellulose in plants?

Answer 45

Strength and structural integrity

Question 46

What are misfolded proteins associated with?

Answer 46

* Alzheimer's disease * Mad cow disease * Parkinson’s disease * Sickle cell anemia * Cystic fibrosis

Question 47

What is the relationship that should be focused on when studying macromolecules?

Answer 47

The relationship between structure & function

Question 48

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 48

Made up of multiple polypeptide chains that fit together to form a functional protein