Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of people in the community who have the condition at or during a particular time.

Disease burden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is incidence?

A

It refers to the number of new individuals who developed a disease during a particular time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you calculate incidence?

A

The number of new cases divided by persons at risk times 1000

of new cases/ persons at risk then multiply by 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The number of cases of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is mortality?

A

The number of deaths due to a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are nosocomial diseases?

A

Diseases acquired in hospital settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A disease that occurs when a pathogen is transferred from animal to human

Example is rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii Can cause what?

A

They can cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, transmitted through the bite of ticks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bordelaise burgdorferi Is a bacteria that causes what?

A

It can cause Lyme disease, transmitted to humans to a bite from an infected black legged or deer tick.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Legionella pneumophila Causes what

A

Legionnaires disease; a bacteria amoebae in moist location (like water cooling towers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the five periods of a disease?

A

Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in the prodromal stage of a disease?

A

This occurs after the incubation period, the host begins to experience signs and symptoms of illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during the period of convalescence?

A

Patient generally returns to normal functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are latent disease examples?

A

Tuberculosis and chicken pox also called varicella zoster virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A disease that affects a large number of people within a community population or region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that has spread over multiple countries or continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A disease constantly present in a specific location.

Example: malaria in Africa, hiv in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name a couple of gram-positive a aerobes

A

Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus Epidermidis, So streptococcus pneumonia, streptococcus pyogens, Enterococcus faecalis, Cornybacterium Diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Asked what do all these have in common: need oxygen because of aerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some gram-positive anaerobes?

Mainly to look at for reviews

A

Clostridium perfringes, clostridium botulinum, actinomyces sp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name some of the Graham negative aerobes?

Mainly for review

A

Escherichia coil, Neisseria Gonorrhea, gardnerella vaginalis, harmophilus influenzae, bordetella pertussis, moraxella catatrhalis, Enterobacter sp, klebsiella sp, salmonella sp, brucellosis sp,
Chlamydia trichomatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Review Graham negative anaerobes

A

Bactericides fragility, bacteroides sp, fusobacterium sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between a PAMP and a DAMP?

A

A pamp’s molecular pattern is associated with pathogenic microorganisms.

A damp’s molecular pattern is associated with injured or stressed host cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Nonspecific

One cell defends against many different types of antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

Specific

One cell will defend Against only one particular antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do opsonins do?
They mark antigens for destruction by innate immune cells
26
What is Suppurative exudate similar to
Purulent exudate
27
What is the normal range for a white blood cells?
5000 to 10,000
28
Immature neutrophils called bands are stabs may equal to how much of the total white blood cell count?
5%
29
What composes the absolute neutrophil count? Usually 70% of the total wbc
Mature neutrophils plus the number of bands or stabs
30
What is shift to the left referred to us?
A rise in neutrophil count, the absolute neutrophil count is greater than 70% of the white blood cell count.
31
What is neutropenia?
When the absolute neutrophil count is less than 2000 Mild neutropenia: 1000-2000 Moderate neutropenia: 500-1000 Severe neutropenia: 500 cells less than —Agranulocytosis
32
What drugs can lower the white blood cell count?
Dilantin, Tegretol, chemotherapy drugs for cancer, immuno suppressive agents for organ anti- rejection, phenytoin
33
What is aplastic anemia? Aplastic=All
Reduces the production of all blood cell types
34
Basophils are also called what kind of cells?
Mast cells
35
Basophils can secrete what chemicals involved in inflammation ?
Heparin, bradykinin, histamine
36
What immunoglobulin is attached to mast cells?
IgE
37
What are the two functions of eosinophils?
1. ) respond to parasitic infections | 2. ) neutralize mast cell reaction of histamine to prevent damage of healthy tissue
38
What are the two types of T cells? Associated with cellular immunity
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells CD4+ helper CD8+ cytotoxic
39
B cells provide what type of immunity?
It provides humoral immunity; B cells are memory cells (think humoral is memory because it has an M in it)
40
T cells provide what type of immunity?
Cellular mediated immunity
41
B cells or plasma cells make what?
Antibodies
42
How many immunoglobulins are there?
Five
43
What do natural killer cells do?
They can stimulate Apoptosis A.k.a. programmed Cell death, it can activate without an antigen. Helps limit the spread of viruses within the body tissues
44
What type of cell is a natural killer cell?
A lymphocyte
45
Monocytes can become what type of cells?
Macrophages
46
What Is the function of macrophages?
They can Ingest or digest and process foreign antigens
47
Macrophages secrete what chemical mediator?
Cytokines (chemical mediator of inflammation )
48
Interleukin six is a chemical mediator That causes what
Fatigue and malaise when a person experiences an infection
49
What is lymphocytosis? What does this indicate?
Elevated lymphocyte count; | It indicates an infection is to be more of a viral infection versus bacterial.
50
What is lymphopenia?
Low lymphocyte count
51
Lymphocytes are the white cells that are the heart of what type of immunity?
Adaptive immunity
52
Where are gamma and Delta cells found?
Found in the skin and G.I. mucosa
53
Dendritic cells are what type of cells?
Antigen presenting cells
54
What does pamps stand for?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
55
Dendritic cells have surface receptors that recognize what?
Pamps
56
What are pamps?
They are surface molecules that help the dendritic cells distinguish pathogens from host cells
57
Dendritic cells are critical to initiating what type of immunity?
Innate immunity also nonspecific immunity
58
What are the three cells of innate immunity
Macrophages Dendritic cells Neutrophils (granulocytes)
59
What are the signs of inflammation, there are five
Heat, redness, pain, swelling or edema, And loss of function
60
What is adaptive immunity?
It is the immunity a person acquires and response from specific antigen throughout life, it is acquired, specific immunity.
61
What are the cells involved in adaptive immunity? There are mainly two but also another one
B lymphocytes And T lymphocytes Also antigen presenting cells
62
What is an epitope?
It is a functional Structure on an antibody that recognizes a specific antigen. They help identify and tag a particular antigen for Destruction
63
What is opsin function in antibodies?
Antibody coating, It enhances the ability of Phagocytes to bind to the antigen to eat or ingest it
64
What is the complement system?
Proteins that coat microbes in damaged cells, Marking them for destruction and clearance by phagocytic cells
65
What is the alternative pathway?
Protects Against pathogens that are unfamiliar to the host which can’t evoke specific antibodies
66
What is the classical pathway?
It requires the host to have her prior exposure to specific organism to develop specific antibodies to initiate the process
67
What are the five Immunoglobulins?
``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```
68
What is important to know about | IgM?
It is the largest of the Immunoglobulins—macroglobulin. | It is the first antibody That is produced in response to an antigen.
69
What kind of test detects immunoglobulin M?
Torch testing | Just extra info: Can detect antibodies to toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes, cytomegalovirus
70
Describe immunoglobulin G
Crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus Activates the classic pathway of the complement cascade Hi responsibility for neutralizing bacteria and promoting phagocytosis
71
Describe immunoglobulin A
Has antibodies in external body cavities (Ask for examples: mucous, sweat, tears, bile, colostrum, intestinal tract, eyes) Helps provide passive immunity to nursing infants Through breastmilk
72
Describe immunoglobulin D
Unclear function, associated with B lymphocytes. Maybe involved in differentiating B lymphocytes into mature plasma and memory cells Think BD
73
Describe Immunoglobulin E
Associated with mast cells or basophils Responsible for Allergic or anaphylactic reactions
74
What 2 immunoglobulins or involved in the primary and secondary immune response What happens specifically with these two in the 2nd immune response
Immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G In the 2nd immune response, the igG will overtake IgM
75
Describe active immunity
A person is exposed to an antigen or get sick. They make their own immunoglobulins
76
Antibodies made after exposure to an infection is an example of what type of immunity active or passive?
Active immunity (natural)
77
Antibodies are made after getting a Vaccination, | Is this active or passive immunity?
(Artificially) active immunity
78
Descry passive immunity
People cannot make their own antibodies, they don’t have time to mount a full immune response
79
Antibodies receive from mom through breastmilk, is this an example of active or passive immunity
Passive immunity (natural)
80
Antibodies received from a medicine such as gamma globulin or an antibody infusion, Is an example of what type of immunity, active or passive?
Passive immunity (Artificial)
81
What is virulence
How easily the pathogen can cause disease
82
What is an example of a retrovirus
HIV
83
What is alloimmunity
A hypersensitivity reaction to tissues of another individual within the same specie. Example would be immune reaction seen and liver kidney transplants
84
What type of immunoglobulin is involved in type one hypersensitivity reactions?
Immunoglobulin E
85
What are some examples of type one hypersensitivity reactions?
Anaphylaxis, can include allergic rhinitis, asthma eczema in hives
86
What is the timeframe for a type one hypersensitivity reaction
Begins within about 20 minutes peaks about half an hour
87
Hypersensitivity type on reactions may be treated with what type of medications?
Anti-histamine and mast cell stabilizers
88
Describe important facts about type 2 hypersensitivity reactions. What are the two immunoglobulins involved in this reaction and give an example of This reaction
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity or tissue specific reactions. The two antibodies included in this reaction are immunoglobulins M and G. This will occur during a blood transfusion reaction. This involves the classical pathway Usually hours to a day for this reaction to occur
89
Describe type three hypersensitivity reactions
Referred to as immune complex mediated reactions Immunoglobulins G & M form complexes to activate the compliment system Occurs in serum sickness(tetanus antitoxin) and Arthus reactions
90
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity reactions
This is cell mediated response (delayed) Driven by T lymphocytes (Cd4 and cd8) May take two or three days to develop Examples of type 4 for reactions: Skin test for Tb, Contact allergic reactions like poison ivy, some auto immune diseases, autograph rejections
91
What is the cranial nerve that is associated with otitis media?
Vestibulocochlear nerve, cranial nerve 8
92
What causes this disease?
H. Influenzae, moraxella catarrholis, strep pneumonae, staphylococcus aureus, respiratory viruses,
93
What are predisposing risk factors for otitis media?
Allergies, adenoid hypertrophy, sinusitis, cleft palate, day care, exposure to smoke, immune deficiency
94
Otitis media is what type of infection
Acute infection

Cassandra's Advanced Pathophysiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions