Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the diaphysis have a bone and what is it made out of?

Answer 1

The shaft of a bone and it is made out of compact or cortical bone

Question 2

What is the metaphysis and what type of bone is it made of?

What does it contain?

Answer 2

It’s the flared region toward the end of the bone, mostly made out of spongy bone or Cancellous bone.

It contains red marrow

Question 3

What is the epiphysis and what does it contain in children and in adults?

Answer 3

The end of the bone.

In children it contains red marrow and in adults it is yellow marrow

Question 4

What is the Periosteum?

Answer 4

It’s a fibrous layer covering the bone, it contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 5

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 5

They form new bone using type one collagen and proteoglycans.

Question 6

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 6

They reabsorb (breakdown) bone during growth and repair.

Question 7

What are the three processes for bone remodeling?

Answer 7

Activation, resorption, and formation

Question 8

What are the five processes for healing fractures or bone repair?

Answer 8

Hematoma formation, pro callus formation, callus formation, callous replacement, and remodeling.

Question 9

What is a joint?

Answer 9

An area where two or more bones meet

Question 10

What is a ligament?

Answer 10

It binds to bones together

Question 11

What is tendon?

Answer 11

It binds muscle to bone

Question 12

What is bursa?

Answer 12

It’s a small pouch line with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

It lubricates and cushions to protect structures

Question 13

What is dislocation?

Answer 13

Temporary displacement of two bones with total loss of surface contact

Question 14

What is subluxation?

Answer 14

Contact of two bone surfaces are partially lost

Question 15

What type of ossification develops the skull and flat bones?

Answer 15

Intramembranous ossification.

Question 16

Describe endochondral ossification

Answer 16

Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that develop cartilage and allows formation of osteocytes

Long bones are made this way

Question 17

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

Answer 17

206

Question 18

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 18

80 bones

this consist of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax

Question 19

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 19

126 bones

Question 20

What are satellite cells?

Answer 20

Myoblasts; stem muscle cells

Question 21

What is Syndactyly?

Answer 21

Webbing of the fingers

Question 22

What is vestigial tabs?

Answer 22

Extra digit or finger, best removed during immediate neonatal period

Question 23

Simple webbing should be corrected when?

Complex syndactyly should be corrected when?

Answer 23

Simple—6 months to 1 year

Complex—1-2 years or before preschool

Question 24

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

Answer 24

A congenital dislocation of the hip, usually involves the proximal femur, acetabellum or both.

Question 25

What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

Answer 25

First pregnancy, breech position, oligohydraminos (low amniotic fluid)

Question 26

What is a subluxated hip?

Answer 26

Maintains contact with the acetabulum but is not well seated in the hip joint. Remember subluxation is partial contact between two bones

Question 27

What are the three types of Equinovarus (club foot) deformity? Think PIT

Answer 27

Positional—easily fixed Idiopathic—castings required, w/Achilles tendon procedure Teratologic—surgical correction

Question 28

What muscle is involved in club foot or equinovarus?

Answer 28

Metatarsus adductus

Question 29

Describe a complete fracture

Answer 29

The integrity of the bone is broken into two pieces, there is a separation between the bone

Question 30

Describe an incomplete fracture

Answer 30

Bone is broken but it is still in one piece

Question 31

Describe a compound fracture

Answer 31

There is a break in the skin area of the fracture

Question 32

A compound fracture is also called what?

Answer 32

An open fracture

Question 33

A closed fracture is also called what?

Answer 33

A simple fracture

Question 34

Describe a closed fracture?

Answer 34

There is no break in the surrounding skin

Question 35

Describe a linear fracture

Answer 35

This fracture runs parallel to the long axis to the bone

Question 36

Describe a spiral fracture

Answer 36

Fracture that encircles the bone

Question 37

Describe an oblique fracture

Answer 37

A slanted fracture in the shaft of the bone

Question 38

Describe a transverse fracture

Answer 38

A fracture that occur straight across the bone

Question 39

Describe a comminuted fracture

Answer 39

The bone breaks into more than two fragments

Question 40

Describe a greenstick fracture

Answer 40

It splinters the spongy bone, similar to a tree branch when it’s Bent sharply

Question 41

Describe a transchondral fracture

Answer 41

Fragmentation and separation of a portion of the articular cartilage at a joint

Question 42

What is reduction of a bone?

Answer 42

Correcting the anatomic position through manipulation of the bone to realign it with bone fragments

Question 43

What is non-union?

Answer 43

Failure of the bone ends to grow together, occurs in compound(open) fractures

Question 44

What is malunion?

Answer 44

Healing of a bone in a non-anatomic position

Question 45

What is an avulsion?

Answer 45

A complete separation from either a tendon or ligament from it’s bony attachment