Module 1: Cellular Physiology and F/E Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What is the plasma membrane?
A
A lipid structure that separates the intracellular from extracellular fluid. Has a lipid bilayer, embedded with proteins.
2
Q
What are gap junctions (cell junction)?
A
Small pores on the cell that permit some molecules to pass to help coordinate functions.
3
Q
What is important about the nucleus of the cell (what it contains and function)?
A
Contains DNA and chromosomes. Helps with cellular repair and reproduction.
4
Q
Describe the Rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum.
A
Covered with ribosomes, has folds. This cell structure makes synthesizes proteins (also produces lipoproteins). –new info: sense cellular stress
5
Q
Describes the Smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum.
A
Does not contain ribosomes, Produces triglycerides, fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. Communicates with the Golgi Apparatus.
6
Q
What are the functions of Mitochondria?
A
It produces/synthesizes ATP (important part of cellular respiration and energy production).
7
Q
What is the Golgi apparatus/complex?
A
Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids made by the ER. The modified proteins are then transported to their destination as directed by the nucleus.
8
Q
What are Lysosomes?
A
They are membrane enclosed organelles (sac-like) filled with enzymes that digest macromolecules and defunct intracellular organelles and particles engulfed from outside the cell by endocytosis.
9
Q
What are peroxisomes (microbodies)?
A
Organelles that contain enzymes that are highly dependent on oxygen. Engage in reactions that produces hydrogen peroxide, help detoxify waste products.
10
Q
What are the 4 pathways for cellular energy production?
A
- Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, citric acid cycle)
- Beta oxidative cycle
- Glycolysis
- Amino acid alpha-ketoglutamate
11
Q
Which two pathways require oxygen & occur in the mitochondria?
A
- B-oxidative cycle
- Krebs’s cycle
12
Q
Describe Kreb’s Cycle
A
Oxidation of CHO, fats, proteins. Provides short term energy especially after eating a meal
13
Q
What are other names for the Kreb’s cycle?
A
Tricarboxylic acid cycle and citric acid cycle
14
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
It occurs outside the mitochondria in the cytosol.
15
Q
In which process does carnitine transferase help with cellular energy production?
A
beta oxidation; this enzyme helps fat enter the mitochondria
16
Q
what does intravascular mean?
A
Within the blood vessels
17
Q
what does extravascular mean?
A
fluids outside the blood vessels. This includes intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
18
Q
What is interstitial fluid?
A
Fluid surrounding the cell in their particular tissue
19
Q
Review 7 water functions
A
- elimination of waste products
- structure
- chemical balance regulation
- regulation of body temp
- transport materials to and from the cell
- lubrication
- protects body tissues and organs
20
Q
what is an ion?
A
A charged particle
21
Q
What is a cation?
A
A positively (+) charged particle
22
Q
What is a anion?
A
A negatively (-) charged particle
23
Q
What are the chief intracellular electrolytes? (3)
A
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosophate
24
Q
what are the chief extracellular electrolytes? (4)
A
Sodium
Calcium
Bicarbonate
Chloride
25
What is diffusion?
Process in which particles move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
26
what is osmosis?
The process of water flowing through a semipermeable membrane from a solution either high->low or low->high.
**emphasis its the water molecules that move to balance the solution concentration not the particles.
27
What are Isotonic fluids?
contain the same osmotically active particles in the same concentration as plasma; no net diffusion of fluid.
- Normal saline (0.9% NACL)
- Lactated Ringers (LR)
- Normosol
28
What are hypertonic solutions? (4)
contain high solute than plasma; causes water to diffuse out of the cell leaving the cell shrinking/shriveling.
- 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Normal Saline (D5 in 0.9%NS)
- D5 half normal saline (D5% in 0.45% NS)
- 10% Dextrose in water (D10W)
- 3% Saline
29
what are hypotonic solutions? (2)
contain lower particle concentration than blood plasma; water diffuses into the cell. Think hypo=hippo
Makes cells swell and rupture
-0.45% Normal saline
-D5W (5% Dextrose in Water)
30
What is the Sodium and Potassium pump an example of?
Active Transport; requires ATP (energy). Potassium goes into the cell and Sodium goes out of the cell.
31
what is the ratio for sodium and potassium pump?
For every ATP molecules hydrolyzed, three molecules of sodium move out : two molecules of potassium go into the cell.
32
what are the two hormones that affect water balance?
- Anti-diuretic hormone
| - Aldosterone
33
what is the Antidiuretic hormone?
The Don't pee hormone, conserves water. Can dilute sodium.
34
Where does the ADH have it's most influence on in the kidney?
The collecting duct
35
What is the function of aldosterone?
Reabsorb sodium and excrete (get rid) of potassium
36
Where is aldosterone secreted?
The adrenal cortex
37
What is hypovolemia?
ECF volume depletion; also isotonic fluid loss. Serum sodium does not change.
38
What are the causes of hypovolemia?
Causes include hemorrhage, severe wound drainage, excessive diaphoresis, diarrhea, n/v, high fever, uncontrolled diabetes insipidus.
39
What are the s/s of hypovolemia?
weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output, thirst, fatigue, weakness, increased hematocrit value, depressed fontanelle in infants, tachycardia, flattened neck veins, normal or decrease BP.
40
what is the treatment for hypovolemia?
Replace with sports drinks, normal saline IV, Normosol IV, LR IV,
41
What is hypervolemia?
isotonic fluid excess or extracellular fluid excess that occurs when water substantially increases causing circulatory overload.
42
what are causes of hypervolemia?
Excessive admin of IV fluids or blood, hypersecretion of aldosterone (reabsorbing sodium), kidney failure, heart failure.
43
what are the s/s of hypervolemia?
weight gain, ascites, edema, pulmonary edema, rales or rhonchi in lungs. Decreased hematocrit. Distended neck veins and Increased BP.
44
What is the treatment for hypervolemia?
Diuretics, dialysis for renal failure, try to reverse underlying cause.
45
what is the normal range for sodium ?
135-145
46
is sodium a cation?
yes
47
what is hypernatremia?
serum sodium level exceeds 145; excessive sodium in the extracellular space. cells shrink because of sodium leaving the cell d/t excess in the ECF.
48
what are s/s of hypernatremia?
thirst, tachycardia, dry flushed skin, sticky tongue, temperature elevation, anuria, lethargy, stupor, confusion, coma, and seizures. urine specific gravity greater than 1.030
49
what is the treatment for hypernatremia?
Hypotonic solutions (D5W, 0.45% NS), fluid restriction, low salt diet.
50
what is hyponatremia?
serum sodium level below 135. most common in hospitalized individuals. cells become swollen as water moves into the cells.
51
what are the causes of hyponatremia?
inadequate intake of sodium or dilution of sodium by water excess. Deficiency adrenal cortex (aldosterone hormone wouldn't reabsorb sodium b/c of this).
52
What is the treatment for hyponatremia?
limit water intake, loop diuretics (furosemide). source of salt: table salt, antacids, IV solution.
53
what causes central pontine myelinolysis ?
rapidly reversing hyponatremia with hypertonic solutions; this can lead to death.
also r/t osmotic demyelination syndrome.
54
what is the normal range for potassium?
3.5--5.0 (or 5.5)
55
what is hypokalemia?
serum potassium level below 3.5.
56
what are the causes of hypokalemia?
decreased potassium intake d/t poor diet or malnutrition, diuretics, surgery or trauma, burns, NG or gastric suctioning, vomiting, hyperaldosteronism (eliminates too much K+)
57
what are the s/s of hypokalemia?
muscular weakness/flaccidity, cardiac dysrhythmias, N/V, paralytic ileus, confusion, decreased deep tendon reflexes, respiratory arrest d/t muscle weakness, hypotension, PVC's, V-tach, V-fib, flattened T-waves, presence of U waves, prolonged QT interval.
58
what is the treatment for hypokalemia?
Oral or IV supplement of potassium, food (spinach, bananas). Reverse the underlying condition.
59
what is hyperkalemia?
serum potassium greater than 5.0meq/L.
60
what are the causes of hyperkalemia?
Renal failure or temporary dysfunction, HYPO-aldosteronism (potassium isn't be excreted), extensive tissue trauma, rapid IV admin, K+ sparing diuretics, massive blood transfusions.
61
what are the s/s of hyperkalemia?
N/V, diarrhea, muscle twitching ->cramping progresses to weakness and paralysis, bradycardia, hypotension, peaked T waves.
62
what is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
treat the cause; calcium gluconate w/admin of insulin and glucose for those with diabetes. dialysis in renal failure patients.
63
Calcium and phosphate are regulated by which 3 hormones?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.
64
How does PTH function?
It secretes in response to low levels of serum calcium and phosphate.
65
Calcium has what type of relationship with phosphate?
Inverse relationship
66
Hypercalcemia (hypophosphatemia) regulation with PTH
PTH secretion decreases causing decreased renal activation of VIT-D. Then decrease intestinal and renal absorption of calcium, decrease excretion of phosphate. Decrease resorption of Ca from the bone.
67
Hypocalcemia (&hyperphosphatemia) regulation with PTH
PTH secretion increases which causes increase renal activation of vitamin D, increased intestinal and renal absorption of Ca, increased excretion of phosphate and increased resorption of calcium.
68
What is the normal calcium level? for both mg/dL and mEq/L.
8.5-10.5 mg/dL and 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
69
Hypocalcemia (hyperphosphatemia) causes:
prolonged QT interval, increased motility and abdominal cramps, delayed cardiac contractility, Rickets' syndrome (Vit-d deficiency), Tetany to face, carpopedal spasm
70
Describe what is Chvostek's sign and what facial nerve does it affect? Which electrolyte imbalance does it affect?
Tapping the facial nerve produces a contraction to the face, Cranial nerve 7. Hypocalcemia
71
Describe what is Trousseau's sign? Which electrolyte imbalance does it affect?
BP cuff inflated to arm and causes hand to spasm inward (carpopedal spasm)
72
what are some treatments for hypocalemia?
Diet high in Calcium, low in phosphorous. Oral supplementation of: calcium gluconate, lactate, and carbonate. Vitamin D and Magnesium sulfate or chloride. Aluminum hydroxide
73
What are some Hypercalcemia (hypophosphatemia) causes
increased calcium absorption and resorption, hyperparathyroidism, excessive glucocorticoid hormone secretion, decreased phosphate levels, excessive vitamin D intake, Increased PTH, milk-alkali syndrome, lithium therapy, thiazide diuretics.
74
What are s/s of hypercalcemia?
decreased bowel
75
what is the treatment for hypercalcemia (hypophosphatemia)?
Oral phosphate, IV NS to enhance renal excretion of calcium, administer calcitonin. Etidronate disodium therapy (bisphosphate).
76
what is the normal phosphate range?
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
77
what is the normal chloride range?
95-105 mEq/dL
78
When does hypochloremia usually occur? Also what specific disease?
Usually hyponatremia or an elevated bicarbonate concentration as in metabolic alkalosis. Occurs in cystic fibrosis.
79
what is the normal range for magnesium?
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
80
what are causes of hypomagnesemia?
Malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, metabolic acidosis, use of loop and thiazide diuretics and prolonged use of PPI's.
81
What are s/s of hypomagnesemia?
Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia, nystagmus, tetany, convulsions, and tachydysrhythmias.
82
What is the treatment of hypomagnesemia?
IM or IV admin of magnesium sulfate.
83
what causes hypermagnesemia?
usually caused by renal failure, excess magnesium containing antacids.
84
what are the s/s of hypermagesemia?
n/v, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac conduction changes, hyporeflexia, and respiratory depression.
85
what is the treatment for hypermagnesemia?
avoidance of magnesium containing antacids an removal of magnesium by dialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
86
What are the causes of edema? (4)
- decrease colloid osmotic pressure (d/t decrease in plasma protein)
- increase capillary hydrostatic pressure (caused by circulatory overload)
- increased capillary permeability
- lymphatic obstruction
87
what is the normal pH?
7.35-7.45
88
What is the normal range for pCO2?
35-45
89
what is the normal range for HCO3?
22-26
90
Acidosis in respiratory and metabolic
If pCO2 is more than 45.
| If HCO is less than 22.
91
Alkalosis in respiratory and metabolic
If pCO2 is less than 35
| If HCO is more than 26
92
How does the respiratory system function to regulate for acid-base balance?
Respiratory system produces carbonic acid which can be regulated by hyperventilating(gets rid of acid) or hypoventilation (conserves acid). Quick compensation.
93
How does the metabolic system function to regulate for acid-base balance?
The kidneys excrete or retain bicarbonate (base) as needed. Slower to compensate.
94
Potassium and pH have what kind of relationship, meaning?
```
Inverse relationship.
low pH (Acidosis)=hyperkalemia
high pH (alkalosis) =hypokalemia
```
95
Calcium and pH have what kind of relationship, meaning?
Inverse relationship.
acidosis=hypercalcemia
alkalosis=hypocalcemia
96
Magnesium and pH have what kind of relationship, meaning?
Direct relationship.
Acidosis (low pH)= hypomagnesemia
alkalosis (high pH)=hypermagnesemia
97
What is the normal specific gravity?
1.001-1.035
98
normal serum osmolarity?
280-300 mOsm
99
Name examples of edema in the body systems
Ascites
Pleural effusion
Pericardial effusion
pulmonary edema
100
Respiratory acidosis occurs when:
with decrease in ventilation which causes increase in levels of carbon dioxide or hypercapnia (converts to carbonic acid)
101
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when:
occurs with hyperventilation and excessive reduction of carbon dioxide or hypocapnia.
102
Metabolic acidosis occurs when:
an increase in the concentrations of non-carbonic acids or by loss of bicarbonate from the ECF.
103
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when:
An increase in bicarbonate concentration usually caused by a loss of metabolic acids from conditions such as vomiting, GI suctioning, excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy.
104
What is stiffening of Skelton muscles after death?
Rigor mortis
105
What is caseous necrosis?
Area of cell death in which cells disintegrate but the debris is not digested completely
106
What is livor mortis?
It is purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death
107
What is apoptosis?
It is programmed cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainder in vesicles
108
What is this definition:
| Adaptive increase in the number of cells
Hyperplasia
109
What is this definition:
| Adaptive replacement of one mature cell type buy another normal cell type
Metaplasia
110
Describe hypertrophy
Adaptive increase in cell size
111
What is atrophy
Adaptive decrease in cell size
112
What is sacropenia?
It is the loss of Skelton muscle mass and strength
113
What is dysplasia?
It is abnormal change in size shape and organization of mature tissue cells
