Immunity intrin/extrin and innate and adaptive immunity

Question 1

What are intrinsic factors

Answer 1

genetic, developmental

Question 2

What are extrinsic factors

Answer 2

husbandry, environmental

Question 3

Name 3 main intrinsic components

Answer 3

genetic predisposition
developmental maturation
physiological and hormonal factors

Question 4

describe genetic predisposition

Answer 4

implication in breed differences?
immune gene polymorphisms
hereditory disorders
epigenetic regulation

Question 5

describe developmental maturation

Answer 5

foetal and neonatal immune development
thymic function
microbiome colonization

Question 6

describe physiological and hormonal factors

Answer 6

stress responses :hormonal changes can suppress immunity
thymic involution thymic size and activity decrease with age in mammals impacting t-cell production

Question 7

Name 5 main extrinsic components

Answer 7

Nutrition and feed qualithy
Microbiota and commensals
environmental management and stress
pathogen exposure and vaccination
gut-brain-immune connection

Question 8

What is microbiota and commensals

Answer 8

gut microbiota
dysbiosis
probiotics and prebiotics

Question 9

difference of probiotic and prebiotic

Answer 9

probiotic is microorganisms that help with gut health
prebiotic is compounds in food that foster growth and activity of beneficial microorganism

Question 10

what is dysbiosis

Answer 10

Dysbiosis is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota,

Question 11

What is environmental management and stress

Answer 11

husbandry practices
stress
enrichment

Question 12

What is pathogen exposure and vaccination

Answer 12

controlled exposure
vaccination programs

Question 13

What is Gut-brain-immune connection

Answer 13

stress and behaviour
neuroimmune modulation

Question 14

What is innate immunity

Answer 14

first line of defence and is non specific and does not require prior exposure, it happens quickly withinminutes/hours

Question 15

What is non specific mean

Answer 15

does not target specific pathogens and provides and general defence against a wide range of invaders

Question 16

How does innate immunity get affected with repeat exposure to same pathogen

Answer 16

does not improve

Question 17

What makes up the physical and chemical barriers of innate immunity

Answer 17

skin, mucous membrane and secretions like saliva, tears and sotmach acid prevent pathogen entry

Question 18

What makes up cellular defences/ soluble factors of innate immunity

Answer 18

Cellular:
phagocytes(macrophages, neutrophils)
Natural killer cells
soluble factors:
complement system
cytokines
cardinal signs of inflammation

Question 19

What are phagocytes

Answer 19

engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 20

What are natural killer cells

Answer 20

destroy infected or abnormal cells

Question 21

What is a complement system

Answer 21

a group of proteins that enhance pathogen destruction and inflammation

Question 22

What are cytokines

Answer 22

signaling molecules that coordinate immune responses

Question 23

What is cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 23

redness, swelling, heat, and pain that occur as the immune system recruits cells and molecules to the site of infection

Question 24

What is acquired immunity

Answer 24

second line of defense and is specific and targets pathogens based on prior exposure and slow response but highly effective

Question 25

When is acquired immunity activated

Answer 25

after exposure to a specific pathogen

Question 26

How does prior exposure affect acquired immunity response

Answer 26

remembers pathogens, leading to faster and stronger responses upon subsequent exposures

Question 27

Main components of acquired immunity

Answer 27

Lymphocytes Antibodies Memory cells

Question 28

2 main types of lymphocytes

Answer 28

B and T cells

Question 29

What do monocytes and macrophages do

Answer 29

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Question 30

What do basophils and mast cells do

Answer 30

histamine release in inflammation

Question 31

what do eosinophils do

Answer 31

combat parasites and allergens

Question 32

what do neutrophils do

Answer 32

rapid response and phagocytosis

Question 33

What type of mediation is T cells

Answer 33

cell mediated

Question 34

What type of mediation is B cells

Answer 34

antibody-mediated

Question 35

What do interleukins do

Answer 35

signal between leukocytes

Question 36

what do C-reactive proteins do

Answer 36

Marker of inflammation

Question 37

What does histamine do

Answer 37

vasodilation and increased permeability

Question 38

What are antigens

Answer 38

molecules(protein, polysacchardies) that trigger an immune response

Question 39

2 main types of antigens

Answer 39

exogenous and endogenous

Question 40

difference of exogenous and endogenous

Answer 40

endogenous is found in the cytoplasm/ inside the cells exogenous is extracellular (foreign)

Question 41

2 main types of antigen presentation

Answer 41

MHC 1 MHC 2

Question 42

What is MHC 1

Answer 42

presents to cytotoxic T cells (intracellular pathogens)

Question 43

What is MHC 2

Answer 43

presents to helper T cells (extracellular pathogens)