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Self defence and disease > Lymphatic anatomy session > Flashcards

Lymphatic anatomy session Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lymph

A

lymphatic fluid is a clear or slightly yellowish fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
The system helps protect the body from infections and removes waste

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2
Q

Main components of lymph

A

water
white blood celks
proteins
fats
waste products
nutrients

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3
Q

Describe water in relation to lymph

A

largest part of lymph and helps transport nutrients and waste

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4
Q

Describe WBC in relation to lymph

A

special immune cells fight infection and keep body healthy

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5
Q

Describe proteins in relation to lymph

A

Contain antibodies which help the immune system recognize and fight harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses

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6
Q

Describe fats in relation to lymp

A

some fats from food enter the lymphatic system before the blood streem, this is important for digestion especially in species that eat a lot of fat

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7
Q

Describe waste products in relation to lymph

A

lymph carries away toxins, dead cells, and other waste materials from body tissues to keep body clean

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8
Q

Describe nutrients in relation to lymph

A

Transports, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients to different parts of the body

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9
Q

why is lymph important

A

lymphatic fluid plays a makor role in immunity, fluid balance and nutrient transport, and it helps fight infections and maintain overall health

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10
Q

Lymph formation in relation to blood capillaries

A

Blood capillaries smallest blood vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occur
Due to hydrostatic pressure, some plasma leaks out into interstitial space
most of leaked fluid is reabsorbed but about 10% remains and becomes lymphatic fluid
remaining fluid contain proteins, waste products and immune cells and needs to be drained to prevent swelling(lumphoedema)

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11
Q

What is role of post-capillary venules in relation to lymph formation

A

Post capillary venules are small veins that collect blood from capillaries
They HELP REGULATE FLUID BALACNE by allowing some fluid to be reabsorbed to blood stream
Large molecules and excess fluid cant re-enter venules so taken up by lymphatic capillaries

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12
Q

What happens when lymphatic capillaries absorbed the excess interstitial fluid

A

now called lymph it is transported in the lymphatic vessels and the system returns this fluid to the blood stream via the veins maintaining overall fluid balance

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13
Q

Describe the origin of the lymphatic system from the interstitial space

A

network of initial lymphatics called capillary lymphatics COMPOSED OF BLIND- ENEDED TUBES, sacs or bulbs that move lymph centrally toward collecting lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found

A

smallest lymphatic vessels found throughout body especially connective tissue

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15
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries

A

they have thin, overlapping endothelial cells that act as one- way valves allowing interstitial fluid to enter but not leave

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16
Q

Function of lymphatic capillaries

A

Absorbed excess fluid, proteins and immune cells from tissues

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17
Q

What are larger lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph from capillaries drains into larger lymphatic vessels, which have one-way valves to prevent backflow

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18
Q

difference of larger lymphatic vessels from blood vessels

A

they rely on muscle movement, breathing and body motion to push lymph forward

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19
Q

What are lymph nodes/ what leads to them

A

lymphatic vessels lead to lymph nodes, which act as filtration stations

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20
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Contain immune cells (macrophages and lymphocytes) that trap and destroy pathogens, toxins and foreign particles to clean lymph nodes

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21
Q

Where are major lymph nodes groups

A

neck, forelimb, chest, abdomen and hindlimb

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22
Q

What do lymphatic trunks do

A

after passing through lymph nodes, lymph drains into larger lymphatic trunks, which collect fluid from different regions of the body

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23
Q

Name 2 examples of lymphatic trunks and where they are

A

Left and right jugular trunk (head/neck), lumbar trunk(caudal abdomen, pelvic cavity and hindlimb)

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24
Q

What do lymphatic ducts do

A

Lymphatic trunks merge into 2 major lymphatic ducts, which return lymph to the blood stream

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25
Name the 2 major lymphatic ducts
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
26
What is the thoracic duct and where does it drain to
largest lymphatic vessel, draining lymph from most of the body into the left jugular vein/cranial vena cava
27
What is the right lymphatic duct and where does it drain to
Drain lymph from right side of the head, right arm, and right chest into the right jugular vein/ cranial vena cava
28
What is it called when there is excessive interstitial fluid causing swelling
Lymphoedema
29
How much fluid stays between interstitial space after hydrostatic pressure pushes it there
10% which is then absorbed by lymphatic system
30
What moves lymph
Body, breathing and muscle activity
31
What prevents backflow for lymph
One way valves inside the vessels
32
Where is right lymphatic duct found
It is found on the right side and is smaller than thoracic duct
33
Where is the thoracic duct found
Originates in abdomen and passes through diaphragm with the aorta and a zygotes vein and continuous cranial key on medial aspect of the aorta and as passes level with heart crosses to join left face of the oesospahgus
34
What is the thoracic duct called in the abdomen
Cisterna Chyli
35
Name the lymphatic organs
Thymus, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes
36
Primary role of lymph in the body
Carrying waste, immune cells and nutrients
37
How does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance
It collects excess interstitial fluid that is not reabsobred by capillaries
38
How does hydrostatic pressure influence fluid movement in blood capillaries
It pushes fluid out of capillaries into the surrounding tissues
39
Why is lymphatic system essential for fluid balance in the body
It provides the only pathway for removing proteins and large molecules from the interstitium
40
What is the final step in lymphatic drainage before lymph returns to the bloodstream
Lymph flows into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
41
Where do lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules commonly present
many mucous membranes- mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
42
Name some cellular components of the immune system
Lymphatic tissue found as sinle cells or diffusely dispersed within tissues as aggregations of lymphatic cells lymphoid nodules or in lymphatic organs (thymus, lymph nodes and spleen)
43
Name some circulating component of immune system
lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells, found in various places
44
Where are lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells found
lymphatic organs, blood, tissue spaces, lymph stream
45
What does the lymphatic vascular system contain
lymph capillaries, lymph vessels and lymph collecting ducts
46
Shape of lymph nodes
ovoid or bean shaped, encapsulated structures
47
Where are lymph nodes found in general
along the course of the medium-sized lymphatic vessels,
48
What do lymph nodes function as
filters and germinal centres for lymphocytes
49
What are lymphocentres
groups/ clusters of lymph nodes draining the same region of the body in all species
50
What is the venous angle
ducts or trunks empty into large veins in the thoracic inlet
51
Where is the parotid lymph centre
consists of one or more parotid lymph node at the base of the ear close to the temporomandibular joint and covered by the parotid gland or the masseter muscle
52
What do the afferent lymphatics of the parotid lymph centre drain
dorsal half of the head, the orbit and the masticatory muscle
53
Where is the mandibular lymph centre
between the hemimandibles, near the greater sublingual salivary gland and the mandibular gland
54
What do the afferent lymphatics of the mandibular lymph centre drain
oral cavity, including tongue and teeth, the salivary gland, the intermandibular space and the masticatory muscles
55
What do the afferent lymphatics of the retropharyngeal lymph centre drain
parts of the head, including the pharynx, larynx and the cranial part of trachea and oesophagus
56
Where does lymph from the head drain into
tracheal/jugular trunk
57
Where is the superficial lymph centre
located cranial to the should jointw
58
what does the superficial cervical lymph centre drain
skin and underlying structures of cervical region, the thorax and the proximal part of the thoracic limb
59
Where is the deep cervical lymph centre
along the trachea
60
what does the deep cervical lymph centre drain
deep strucutres of cervical region, oesophagus, trachea, thymus and thyroid gland
61
Where do efferent lymph vessels of deep cervical lymph nodes open into
cranial vena cava or thoracic duct
62
What does the axillary lymph centre drain
deeper strucutre of the entire limb and superficial strucutres of distal part of the limb, cranial mammary gland
63
What lymph nodes drain the walls of the thorax
dorsal thoracic lymph centre and ventral thoracic lymph centre
64
What lymph nodes drain the organs within the thoracic cavity
mediastinal lymph centre and bronchial lymph centre
65
Where is the dorsal thoracic lymph centre
intercostal lymph node, thoracic lymph node
66
where is the ventral thoracic lymph centre
lymph node dorsal to the sternum
67
where is the mediastinal lymph centre
lymph node located in the mediastinal spacee
68
where is the bronchial lymph centre
tracheobronchial lymph nodes located above the bifurcation of the trachea
69
What consists of the lumbar lymph centre
lumbar aortic lymph nodes and renal lymph nodes
70
what consist of the coeliac lymph centre
coealic, splenic, gastric and pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes
71
What consists of the cranial and caudal lymph centre
cranial and caudal mesenteric, jujunal, caecal and colic lymph nodes
72
What are the lymph centres of the abdomen that drain the abdominal viscera
lumbar lymph centre coeliac lymph centre cranial and caudal mesenteric lymph centre
73
What are the important lymph nodes of the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb
mammary/superficial inguinal lymph node, and popliteal lymph node
74
What is a lymphogram
x-ray or computer image of lymphatic systemW
75
How is a lymphogram taken
dye injected to make vessels and nodes easier to see
76
What may and lymphangiogram be used for
to check for blockages or leaks in lymphatic system
77
What is the largest lymphoid organ
spleen
78
Where is the spleen
caudal to diaphram within left cranial part of abdomen
79
what are the 2 surfaces of the spleen
diaphragmatic surface and the visceral surface which visceral is marked by the hilus
80
What makes up the parenchyma of the spleen
red and white splenic pulp
81
What makes up the splenic red pulp
venous sinus lined by an endothelium
82
what makes up the splenic white pulp
diffuse and follicular lymphoid tissue
83
How much of the splenic volume does the white pulp account for
one-fifth
84
What lymphatically drains the spleen
splenic lymph nodes located at the hilus of the organ
85
Where do the efferent vessels of the splenic lymph node go to
joins coeliac trunk to drain into the chyle cistern
86
What does the pulp do in the spleen
in foetus produces RBC and in adult it stores RBC to be squeezed into circulation when needed. also produces lymphocytes; stores iron and destroys worn out RBC
87
When is the thymus most important
young animal and reaches maximum development 3 weeks in dogs, 9 months in pigs and 1 year old in the horse
88
What happens to thymus after maximum development
gradually involute until the animal reaches sexual maturity
89
What is the thymus made of
lobules each with its own cortex and medulla
90
What does the cortex of the thymus lobules do
produces immunocompetent T lymphocytes, which enter the bloodstream for distribution to the peripheral lymphoid organs( nodes and scattered lymph nodules) where they settle and multiply
91
What does the medulla of the thymus lobules do
formed of epitheliod cells, relevance to postnatal development and maintenace of immunological competence
92
What is the cloacal bursa
site of maturation of B lymphocytes
93
What species has a cloacal bursa/ bursa of fabricius
birds
94
where is the clocal bursa
dorsal appendage of the proctodaeum
95
What happens in the bursa of fabricius
bone marrow- derived lymphocytes mature within the bursa into b lymphocytes that are then repsonsible for humoral immunity
96
What happens to the cloacal bursa at sexual maturity
involution

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