Passive immunity in neonates Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Passive Immunity
A
Transfer of maternal antibodies to newborns for protection.
2
Q
Neonatal Mammals
A
Newborn mammals requiring maternal antibodies for survival.
3
Q
Colostrum
A
First milk rich in antibodies, crucial for neonates.
4
Q
Transplacental Transfer
A
Antibody transfer from mother to fetus via placenta.
5
Q
IgG
A
Main antibody in passive immunity, neutralizes pathogens.
6
Q
IgA
A
Antibody in colostrum, protects mucosal surfaces.
7
Q
IgM
A
Early antibody response, less significant in passive immunity.
8
Q
Active Immunity
A
Immunity developed by one’s own immune response.
9
Q
Antigens
A
Molecules stimulating immune responses against foreign substances.
10
Q
Humoral Immunity
A
Immune response involving antibodies produced by B cells.
11
Q
Cell-mediated Immunity
A
Immune response involving T cells targeting infected cells.
12
Q
Endogenous Steroids
A
Hormones affecting immune response and stress levels.
13
Q
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Complex
A
Endocrine system’s command center for hormone regulation.
14
Q
Mucosal Surfaces
A
Body surfaces like gut and respiratory tract needing protection.
15
Q
Maternal Circulation
A
Mother’s bloodstream where antibodies are produced.
16
Q
Immune System Development
A
Process where neonates gradually produce their own antibodies.
17
Q
Systemic Protection
A
Widespread defense against infections throughout the body.
18
Q
Antibody Transfer Mechanisms
A
Methods by which antibodies are passed to neonates.
19
Q
Clinical Practices
A
Medical approaches involving colostrum for newborn health.
20
Q
Husbandry Practices
A
Animal care methods ensuring proper antibody transfer.
21
Q
Pathogen Exposure
A
Contact with harmful microorganisms triggering immune responses.
22
Q
First 24-48 Hours
A
Critical period for antibody absorption in puppies.
23
Q
B Cells
A
Immune cells producing antibodies in response to antigens.
24
Q
Passive Immunity
A
Immunity acquired without direct exposure to pathogens.
25
IgG
Main antibody transferred from mother to fetus in mammals.
26
IgA
Antibody primarily found in colostrum and mature milk.
27
Colostrum
First milk secretion rich in antibodies post-birth.
28
Marsupials
Group of mammals with minimal placental antibody transfer.
29
Monotremes
Egg-laying mammals with poorly understood immune systems.
30
IgY
Bird equivalent of IgG, transferred via egg yolk.
31
In-ovo Immunity
Antibody transfer to embryos through egg yolk.
32
Gastric Capacity
Newborn dog's capacity estimated at four ml per 100g.
33
Colostrum Quality
Determined by immunoglobulin levels essential for immunity.
34
Prolactin
Hormone triggering IgG release into colostrum.
35
Intestinal Barrier Closure
Limits immunoglobulin absorption post-birth.
36
Trypsin Inhibitors
Prevent immunoglobulin breakdown in colostrum.
37
Passive Immune Transfer (PIT)
Process of transferring maternal antibodies to neonate.
38
Colostrum Feeding Time
Delay reduces immune quality and absorption potential.
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Neonate
Newborn animal reliant on maternal antibodies.
40
Colostrum Intake Timing
Optimal within first 8 hours for effective immunity.
41
Labrador Puppies
Natural suckling begins within minutes after birth.
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Immunoglobulin Concentration
IgG levels drop 60% within 24 hours postpartum.
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Colostral IgG Concentration
2-3 times higher than in maternal serum.
44
Colostrum Volume Calculation
1.3 ml needed per 100g to achieve minimum IgG.
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Frozen Canine Colostrum
Best alternative to maternal colostrum for puppies.
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Colostrum's Role in Nutrition
Essential for puppies' nutritional and immune needs.
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Colostrum
First milk from a donor bitch, rich in antibodies.
48
IgG concentration
50% drop in colostral IgG by 24 hours.
49
PIT
Intestinal barrier closure occurring at 12-16 hours.
50
Lactation day for milking
Optimal collection during the second day.
51
Colostrum benefits
Eliminates meconium, limits hypoglycemia, provides immunity.
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Meconium
First feces of a newborn, ingested in utero.
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Glucocorticoids (GCs)
Steroid hormones influencing immune cell balance.
54
T helper cell-1 (Th1)
Promotes cellular immunity against intracellular pathogens.
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T helper cell-2 (Th2)
Mediates humoral immunity against extracellular threats.
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Oestrogen effects
Mixed effects on Th1 and Th2 responses.
57
B-lymphocytes
Cells responsible for antibody production.
58
B-cell activation
Suppressed by glucocorticoids in the bone marrow.
59
Androgens
Hormones generally suppressing immune system activity.
60
Testosterone
Regulates T and B cell functions.
61
Regulatory T-Cells
Suppress excessive immune activation, maintain self-tolerance.
62
Hypothalamus
Central nervous system area controlling endocrine functions.
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Pituitary gland
Master gland producing key hormones for regulation.
64
Neuroendocrine compounds
Substances affecting hormone release from the pituitary.
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Immune response suppression
GCs used to treat overactive B-cell activity.
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Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis
Connection between nervous and endocrine systems.
67
Autoimmune diseases
Conditions linked to dysregulation of immune responses.
68
Antibody production
Enhanced by oestrogen, suppressed by androgens.
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Immune cell composition
Altered by steroid hormones affecting immune responses.
70
Thymus
Site of T cell development affected by GCs.
71
Pituitary Gland
Master gland producing key hormones, regulates others.
72
Hypophysis
Another name for the pituitary gland.
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Sella Turcica
Depression in sphenoid bone housing pituitary gland.
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Adenohypophysis
Anterior part of pituitary, secretes various hormones.
75
Neurohypophysis
Posterior part of pituitary, stores neurohormones.
76
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
77
Prolactin
Hormone stimulating milk production in mammary glands.
78
Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates growth, cell repair, and metabolism.
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Regulates reproductive functions and hormone production.
80
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.
81
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.
82
Oxytocin
Stimulates labor contractions and milk ejection.
83
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Increases water retention in kidneys, reduces urine output.
84
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
Vein system connecting hypothalamus and adenohypophysis.
85
Neurohormones
Hormones produced in hypothalamus, regulate pituitary secretion.
86
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-1
Secreted by liver, modulates metabolism in tissues.
87
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-2
Acts in paracrine fashion, modifies metabolism in cells.
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Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Stimulates GH secretion from adenohypophysis.
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Somatostatin (GHIH)
Inhibits growth hormone release, prevents excessive growth.
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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates release of LH and FSH from pituitary.
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Stimulates ACTH release during stress response.
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Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Stimulates TSH release, regulates metabolism and growth.
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Physiological Triggers
Factors influencing hormone secretion and physiological responses.
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IGF‐1
Insulin-like growth factor influencing metabolism in tissues.
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GH
Growth hormone secreted by adenohypophysis.
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GH‐IH
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone from hypothalamus.
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Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary gland secreting various hormones.
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GH‐RH
Growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus.
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Hypoglycaemia
Low blood sugar stimulating GH secretion.
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Lactation
Milk production influencing GH and TRH secretion.
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Fasting
Absence of food intake stimulating GH release.
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Exercise
Physical activity increasing GH secretion.
103
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus.
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TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone from adenohypophysis.
105
T3
Triiodothyronine, active thyroid hormone affecting metabolism.
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T4
Thyroxine, precursor thyroid hormone converted to T3.
107
rT3
Reverse T3, inactive form of thyroid hormone.
108
Thyroid hormone receptors
Proteins binding T3 and T4 in target cells.
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Cytosolic deiodinases
Enzymes converting T4 to T3.
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Negative feedback
Inhibition of hormone secretion by its effects.
111
ACTH‐RH
Adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone from hypothalamus.
112
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulating cortisol release.
113
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid hormone affecting metabolism and stress response.
114
Zona fasciculata
Adrenal cortex layer producing cortisol.
115
Glucocorticoid receptors
Nuclear receptors for cortisol in target cells.
116
HPA Axis
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulating stress response.
117
Physiological actions
Biological effects resulting from hormone actions.
