Immunizations Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
procedure designed to increase concentrations of antibodies or effector t cells reactive against infection
A
vaccine
2
Q
vaccine before exposure to infectious agent
A
immunoprophylaxis
3
Q
vaccine during an active infection
A
immunotherapy
4
Q
goal of immunoprophylaxis
A
prevent
5
Q
goal of immunotherapy
A
cure
6
Q
two types of immunizations
A
passive
active
7
Q
immunity with no immunological memory without th cells
A
passive
8
Q
immunity with induction of adaptive response with protection and memor
A
active
9
Q
immunity with protective abs and non immune recipient
A
passive
10
Q
natural maternal serum/milk
A
passive immunity
11
Q
artificial immune system
A
passive immunity
12
Q
natural infection
A
active immunity
13
Q
artificial infection
A
active immunity
14
Q
Vaccine types
A
- attenuated
- inactivated
- cloned genes of microbial antigens
- purified microbial macromolecules
- synthetic peptides
- DNa
15
Q
attenuated vaccine
A
live
- vital function inactivated by heat, chemicals or genetic manipulation
16
Q
inactivated vaccine
A
dead
uses toxoid
inactivated toxins which are purified proteins
17
Q
mechanism of vaccines
A
establish resistance to virus by evoking immune response
18
Q
Three mechanisms of vaccines
A
- give host foreign organism in non-pathogenic form
- humoral response
- cd8 cell mediated response
19
Q
humoral response in vaccines
A
antibodies generated and bind to surface antigens
20
Q
cd8 cell mediated in vaccines
A
chronic viral infection, cancer
21
Q
what type of responses do attenuated vaccines produce
A
cell mediated
antibody mediated
22
Q
smallpox
A
induce vigorous t cell response
related vaccine
23
Q
types of attenuated vaccines
A
smallpox polio measles mumps rubella varicella yellow fever rotovirus
24
Q
Polio vaccine
A
replicated in gut induces IgA
- recommended use killed
25
measles vaccine
induce t cell response
| not life long
26
mumps
deafness in children
27
rubella
pregnant women
28
varicella
chicken pox and shingles
29
yellow fever
required for travelers
30
rotovirus
oral pentavalent
| infants
31
attenuated flu
- genetically recombinant
- cold adapted
- temperature sensitive
32
single pathogen responsible for most death and disease
BCG
33
how many people in world are infected with M. tuberculosis?
1/3
34
what percent have active infection in m. tuberculosis?
10%
35
deaths per year in m. tuberculosis
2-3 million
36
BCG hypersensitivity
delayed type
| - produce skin test response
37
what is the most widely used vaccine?
BCG
38
What is used in US instead of BCG vaccine?
skin test
| chemo
39
future problem with BCG
TB
AIDS
antibiotic resistant
40
typhoid
3rd world countries
| travelers
41
typhoid response
whole bacteria induce antibody and cell mediated response
42
typhoid skin test
does produce
43
effectiveness of typhoid
60%, need multiple doses
44
example of inactivated vaccine
```
DPT
Polio
Rabies
Flu
Hepatitis A
```
45
What type of response does inactivated vaccine produce?
antibody mediated
46
Inactivated vaccine antibodies
IgG
47
inactivated vaccine t cell response
poor
48
problems with inactivated vaccine
need large amounts of antigen
need booster
multiple doses
49
Flu vaccine
- IgG to H and N
- poor T cell response
- short term immunity
- antigenic shift
50
small changes, point mutations
antigenic drift
51
major change by recombination
antigenic shift
52
do you need an adjuvant for live or inactivated vaccine?
inactivated
53
antibody response live
IgG
| IgA
54
Heat labile in tropics
Live
55
route of admin live
natural or injection
56
route of admin inactivated
injection
57
dose of live
low
58
number of doses for live
single
59
strategy for immunizations
maximize immunogenicity without compromising safety and tolerability
60
whole inactivated bacterial cells vaccines advantages
easier to store and ship
61
whole inactivated bacterial cells vaccines disadvantages
- toxicity associated with killed bacteria
| - admin IM may not induce appropriate immune response
62
Inactivated bacterial cells as vaccines
pertussis
cholera
anthrax
63
vaccine recommended for all us military
anthrax
64
subunit vaccine
purified components from bacteria and viruses, usually surface antigens
65
subunit vaccine response
antibody mediated
66
examples of subunit viral vaccines
hepatitis b
67
examples of bacterial subunit vaccines
typhoid
H. influenza
Meningococcus
Pneumococal
68
advantages of bacterial subunit
- eliminated problems with whole cell vaccines
- use relevant antigens
- less toxicity
69
disadvantages of bacterial subunit
- need adjuvant
| - one approved adjuvant
70
what is the adjuvant for bacterial subunit
Alum
71
typhoid vaccine
effective
does not provide long term immunity
capsular polysaccharide
72
what helps vaccine production
carrier proteins (make stable)
73
H. influenza type b
- carrier protein
| - diphtheria toxoid
74
pneumococcal vaccine
- carrier protein cross react
| - diphtheria toxoid
75
meningococcal vaccine
- carrier protein
| - tetanus CRM
76
toxoids
chemically inactivated exotoxins
77
toxoids doses
need multiple
78
toxoids antibodies
IgG
79
examples of toxoids
Diphtheria
| Tetanus
80
consequence of toxin produced by infectious organism
diphtheria
81
Diphtheria
toxin has lost ADP activity
| still immunogenic
82
Tetanus
chemical inactivation of neurotoxin
83
genetic immunization
delivery of gene for antigen to host organism
- use vector of cDNA from viral protein
IM
84
genetic immunization potential
- eliminate purification of antigen
- protein modified post translationally
- cell mediated
85
fate of plasmid DNA in genetic immunization
- integration
| - degradation
86
parasite vaccine
no effective vaccine so far
87
example of parasite vaccine
malaria
88
malaria death count
1-3 million children/year
89
why is there no parasite vaccine?
- complexity of life cycle
- eukaryotic difficult to treat
- evade immune response and rapid replication
- size
90
long term effectiveness of vaccine
- persistence of antibody
- immunological memory
- persistence of herd immunity
91
what reduces transmission of organism in population?
herd immunity
92
short term immune response
antibody levels in serum at 28-42 days after last dose
93
long term immune response
- persistence of protective level of serum antibody months or years later
- magnitude of antigen reactive response to booster
94
memories in vaccines
- increase in frequency of Ag reactive cells
| - increase reactivity of effector cells
95
booster
same vaccine later date
| refresh memory cell population
96
adjuvant
chemicals in vaccine to enhance immune response
97
indirect protection from infection among susceptible members of population and protection of population as whole due to presence of immune individuals
herd immunity
98
leads to reduction of transmission in population
herd immunity
