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Immunizing Agents Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s ability to resist harmful microorganisms is called

A

Immunity

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2
Q

The two main types of immunity are ____ and ____.

A

Innate (Natural) and Adaptive (Acquired)

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3
Q

Immunity that is present at birth and provides a non-specific defense is called ____.

A

Innate Immunity

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4
Q

Immunity that develops after exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination is called ____.

A

Adaptive Immunity

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5
Q

The two types of adaptive immunity are ____ and ____

A

Active and Passive Immunity

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6
Q

immunity that involves the body producing its own antibodies after infection or vaccination is called ____

A

Active Immunity

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7
Q

The immunity that is transferred through antibodies from another source, such as from mother to child or through injection, is called ____

A

Passive Immunity

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8
Q

____ immunity provides long-term protection, while ____ immunity is temporary.

A

Active; Passive

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9
Q

An example of natural active immunity is ____.

A

Immunity developed after recovering from an infection

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10
Q

An example of natural passive immunity is ____.

A

Antibodies passed from mother to baby through breast milk or placenta

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11
Q

An example of artificial active immunity is ____.

A

Vaccination

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12
Q

An example of artificial passive immunity is ____

A

Injection of immunoglobulins or antiserum

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13
Q

The immune cells responsible for innate immunity include ____, ____, and ____.

A

Macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) Cells, Neutrophils

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14
Q

The immune cells responsible for adaptive immunity include ____ and ____.

A

B cells and T cells

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15
Q

The immune system component responsible for producing antibodies is ____.

A

B cells

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16
Q

The immune system component responsible for cell-mediated immunity is ____

A

T cells

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17
Q

The lifespan of memory cells that provide long-term immunity can last for ____.

A

Years

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18
Q

The half-life of IgG antibodies in the body is approximately ____.

A

23 days

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19
Q

The purpose of immunizing agents is to ___

A

-prevent infectious diseases,
-reduce morbidity and mortality,
-contribute to herd immunity

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20
Q

Examples of active immunization include vaccines:____, ____, and ____

A

Live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines

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21
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

Transfer of preformed antibodies for short-term protection (e.g., maternal antibodies, immunoglobulin therapy).

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22
Q

What are the three main types of immunizing agents?

A

Vaccines, Immunoglobulins, Antisera.

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23
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

suspension of live attenuated or killed microorganisms that stimulate the immune system to prevent disease.

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24
Q

. What is the main advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs)?

A

They provide strong, long-lasting immunity.

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25
. What is the main advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs)?
They provide strong, long-lasting immunity.
26
What is the main disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
They are not suitable for immunocompromised individuals.
27
What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Oral Polio (OPV), Varicella
28
What is an inactivated (killed) vaccine?
A vaccine containing killed pathogens to stimulate immunity without causing infection.
29
What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?
Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), Hepatitis A
30
What are subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines?
Vaccines that use antigenic parts of pathogens to stimulate an immune response
31
What is an example of a subunit vaccine?
Hepatitis B, HPV, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal.
32
What are toxoid vaccines?
Vaccines made from inactivated bacterial toxins.
33
What is an example of a toxoid vaccine?
Tetanus, Diphtheria.
34
What are mRNA and vector-based vaccines?
Vaccines that use genetic material to instruct cells to produce antigens
35
What is herd immunity?
Protection of unvaccinated individuals when a large portion of the population is immune.
36
What is the herd immunity threshold for measles?
95%.
37
What is the herd immunity threshold for COVID-19?
60-70%.
38
Why do some vaccines require boosters?
To reinforce immunity as antibody levels decline over time.
39
Give an example of a vaccine that requires annual boosters
Influenza vaccine
40
What factors influence an individual’s response to vaccines?
Immune System Differences Pre-existing immunity Vaccine Type and Effectiveness Lifestyle and Environmental Factors Individual Variation in Antibody Production
41
Why do healthcare workers often need more vaccine boosters?
Due to frequent exposure to infectious diseases.
42
What is an example of mRNA & Vector-Based Vaccines
Pfizer & Moderna (mRNA), AstraZeneca & J&J (Viral Vector)
43
Advantage and disadvantage of Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
Advantages: safer, no risk of reversion Disadvantages: requires booster doses
44
Advantage and disadvantage of Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines
Advantages: fewer side effects Disadvantages: may require boosters
45
Advantage and disadvantages of Toxoid Vaccines
Advantages: strong immune response Disadvantages: require multiple doses
46
Advantage and disadvantages of mRNA & Vector-Based Vaccines
Advantages: fast development, high efficacy Disadvantages: cold storage requirements, new technology
47
Clinical significance of herd immunity
protects vulnerable groups
48
tetanus needs booster every ___
10 years
49
Recommended for high-risk individuals after initial series.
Hepatitis B
50
Additional dose recommended for international travelers or during outbreaks.
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
51
: Booster dose recommended for healthcare workers and high risk adults.
Varicella (Chickenpox)
52
Booster doses recommended depending on age of initial vaccination.
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
53
Booster doses recommended periodically based on emerging variants and immunity duration.
COVID-19
54
Booster doses for elderly and immunocompromised individuals.
Pneumococcal (PCV13 & PPSV23)
55
Annual booster due to virus mutation.
Influenza
56
Used for immunodeficient individuals, passive protection against measles, Hep A.
Immunoglobulins
57
Immunoglobulins contain ____ protein from blood plasma.
15-17% protein
58
Contain live attenuated or killed microorganisms.
Vaccines
59
• Blood serum with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. • Provides passive immunity against diseases.
Antisera
60
Example of Immunoglobulin Immunizing Agents
IV Immunoglobulin (IVIG).
61
example of Antisera Immunizing Agents
Rabies Antiserum.
62
Which vaccine type requires multiple doses?
Killed vaccines require multiple doses, while live vaccines often need only one.
63
Which provides longer immunity: live or killed vaccines?
Live vaccines provide longer immunity.
64
What immunoglobulins do killed and live vaccines produce?
Killed vaccines: IgG Live vaccines: IgA & IgG
65
Which vaccine type induces stronger cell-mediated immunity?
Live vaccines.
66
Which vaccine type has a risk of reversion to virulence?
Live vaccines may revert to virulence, while killed vaccines do not
67
Which vaccine type is more stable at room temperature?
Killed vaccines
68
2 sources of PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
-Maternal antibodies (placenta, breast milk) -Monoclonal & polyclonal antibody treatments
69
Give two examples of passive immunization.
1. Rabies immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis) 2. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG)
70
Uses of passive immunization
emergency protection, immunodeficient patients
71
Common Mild Reactions of passive vaccine
fever, swelling, redness
72
Severe but rare reactions of passive vaccine
Anaphylaxis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
73
severe allergic reaction (passive vaccine) that happens quickly and needs immediate medical treatment
Anaphylaxis
74
rare condition where the immune system attacks the nerves, causing weakness or paralysis, but most people recover
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
75
Who should NOT receive passive vaccines
1. Severe allergic reactions to vaccine components 2. Pregnancy (for live vaccines) 3. Immunocompromised
76
What are key safety requirements for vaccines?
Must not cause disease (**safety**) Provide population-level **protection** Induce **long-lasting** immunity Be affordable and easy to administer (**cost & administration**)
77
What are antisera and antitoxins?
Immunoglobulins from immunized humans or animals, providing short-term immunity.
78
What are antisera and antitoxins?
Immunoglobulins from immunized humans or animals, providing short-term immunity.
79
Name three examples of antisera or antitoxins
1. Snake venom antiserum 2. Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin 3. Rabies vaccine
80
What are the key features of IgG?
• Most abundant antibody in serum (75%) • Crosses placenta for fetal immunity • Activates complement (except IgG4)
81
Now many subclasses does IgG have
4 subclasses
82
IgG composes ___ of total antibody concentration
75%
83
What are the key features of IgM?
•Largest antibody (pentamer) • First antibody produced in an infection (acute phase) • Best complement activator
84
IgM composes ___ of total antibody concentration
5-10%
85
What are the key features of IgA?
• Found in body secretions (tears, saliva, mucosa) • Protects mucosal surfaces • Exists as monomer (serum) or dimer (secretory IgA)
86
What is the function of IgD?
Unknown, but present on B cell surfaces. largest antibody (pentamer)
87
What are the key features of IgE?
• Involved in allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity) • Triggers histamine release from mast cells
88
How many subclasses does igA have
2 subclasses
89
Fixes complement best (multiple binding sites)
IgM
90
Prominent in early immune response (indicates acute infection)
IgM
91
Primary defense against local infections at mucosal surface
IgA
92
Infections where the source of antiserum is a horse
Tetanus Diptheria Gas gangrene Botulism Snakebite
93
Infections where the source of antiserum is immune human
Tetanus Varicella-Zoster Rabies Hepatitis B Measles
94
Infections where the source of antiserum is pooled human ig
Hepatitis A, Some autoimmune disease

Immunosero Lab (10 decks)

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