Immunoassays and automated procedures

Question 1

what type of immunoassay requires washing?

Answer 1

heterogeneous

Question 2

what type of immunoassay does not require washing?

Answer 2

homogeneous

Question 3

what are the 3 types of labels applied in immunoassays?

Answer 3

enzyme immunoassay
chemiluminescence
fluorescent substances

Question 4

what is chemiluminescene?

Answer 4

refers to light emission

Question 5

what is enzyme immunoassay? (ELISA or EIA)

Answer 5

designed to detect antigens or antibodies producing and enzyme triggered color change

Question 6

what are catalytic properties of enzymes used for?

Answer 6

detects and quantitates immunologic reactions

Question 7

what is a non competitive enzyme immunoassay?

Answer 7

amount of color is proportional to the amount of antibody in the serum

Question 8

what is a competitive enzyme immunoassay?

Answer 8

amount of color is inversely proportional to the amount of antibody serum

Question 9

what is a capture enzyme immunoassay?

Answer 9

designed to detect specific type of antibody such as igM or IgG, CMV IgM, rubella IgM, or Toxoplasma IgM

Question 10

Chemiluminescent labels are used to detect what?

Answer 10

proteins
viruses
oligonucleotides
genomic nucleic acid sequences

Question 11

what 2 formats are used for chemiluminescene labels?

Answer 11

competitive and sandwich immunoassays

Question 12

What are the five major groups of chemiluminescent labels?

Answer 12

Luminol
Acridinium esters
Peroxyoxalates
Dioxetanes
Tris rutenium
(LAP Dance Tonight)

Question 13

what kind of markers are used with Immunofluorescence?

Answer 13

enzyme substrate markers

Question 14

what enzyme labels are used with Immunofluorescence?

Answer 14

HRP and ALP

Question 15

What is direct Immunofluorescent assay?

Answer 15

a conjugated antibody used to detect antigen-antibody reactions at a microscope level

Question 16

what is inhibition Immunofluorescent assay used for?

Answer 16

used to confirm the specificity of the FA technique

Question 17

What is SQUID technology use?

Answer 17

super paramagnetic particles

Question 18

what does SQUID technology detect

Answer 18

listeria monocytogenes

Question 19

How does nepelometry work?

Answer 19

the amount of cloudiness or turbidity is measured photmetrically

Question 20

what is nephelometry used to measure?

Answer 20

complement components
immune complexes
presence of a variety of antibodies

Question 21

what is nephelometry based on?

Answer 21

a reaction between the protein and a specific antiserum

Question 23

what is the heidelberger curve

Answer 23

the relationship between the quality of antigen and the measuring signal at a constant antibody concentration

Question 24

what is flow cell cytometry

Answer 24

stained cells pass through laser beam

Question 25

what is polymerase chain reaction?

Answer 25

in vitro method that amplifies low levels of specific deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 26

what are the three cycles of PCR?

Answer 26

DNA denaturation Primer annealing Extension of primed dna sequence

Question 27

what is the disadvantage of PCR?

Answer 27

it is prone to producing false positives because it’s highly sensitive

Question 28

what are the important applications of PCR?

Answer 28

amplification of dna identification of target sequence synthesis of a labeled antisense probe

Question 29

what can pcr lead to?

Answer 29

detection of gene mutations that signify early development of cancer.

Question 30

what is associated with mutations of the gene that encodes for the low density lipoprotein receptor?

Answer 30

coronary artery disease

Question 31

how does gel electrophoresis work?

Answer 31

dna has a net negative charge and will migrate towards the anode

Question 32

molecular testing has what advantages?

Answer 32

faster turnaround time smaller required sample volumes increased specificity and sensitivity

Question 33

what is considered the gold standard for molecular methods?

Answer 33

DNA sequencing

Question 34

how does DNA sequencing work?

Answer 34

it displays the exact nucleotide or base sequence of a fragment of the targeted DNA

Question 35

what is the most frequently used method?

Answer 35

sanger method

Question 36

Southern Blot

Answer 36

specimen DNA ssDNA sickle cell anemia

Question 38

Northern Blot

Answer 38

mRNA

Question 39

Western Blot

Answer 39

Proteins

Question 40

What is nucleic acid sequence base amplification used for?

Answer 40

detection and quantification