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Applied pathophysiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the BP equation

A

(heart rate x stroke volume) x systemic vascular resistance

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2
Q

what is the heart rate

A

beats per minute

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3
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

volume of blood leaking to the left ventricle per beat

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4
Q

what is the systemic vascular resistance

A

‘ease’ of blood flow through systemic blood vessels

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5
Q

give a definition of shock

A

a life threatning generalised form of acute circultory failure associated with inadequate oxygen utilization by the cells

bascially a loss of perfusion

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6
Q

what are the main themes that shock causes to the body

A

insufficent oxygen supply
hypoxia
cellular dysfucntion (this kills people)

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7
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen

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8
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration with oxygen

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9
Q

where does respiration occurs

A

in the mitochondria- every cell prodcuces ATP

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10
Q

whats the respiration equation

A

fuel + oxygen = ATP + carbon dioxide + h2o

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11
Q

explain why their is a drop in oxygen when an invidual is in shock

A

reduced aerobic respiration
switched to anaerobic respiration
this slows down the rate of ATP produced due to reduce oxygen
leads to an increase in lactcate
increase in lactice acid leads to reduce blood ph
leading to body stimulate fater and deeper breathing

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12
Q

what type of respiration produces the most pH

A

aerobic

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13
Q

what are the 5 types of shock

A 
hypovolomic 
cardiogenic 
neurgoenic 
anaphylactic
septic
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14
Q

what are the 4 stages of shock

A

initial shock
compemsation
progressive shock
refactroy shock

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15
Q

what is negative feedback

A

control mechanism as a way of maintaining homeonstasis

ways of maintiaing an internal enviornment

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16
Q

describe the intial stage of shock

A

no outward clinical signs
cells begin to be staved of oxygen and reduce the production of ATP by switiching to anaerobic metabolism which leads to lactic being produced

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17
Q

how can you intically detect the compensation stage of shock

A

reduced perfussion

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18
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the respiratroy system

A

increased resp rate
changes in pattern
accessory muscles

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19
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the cardiovascular system

A

tachycardia (increased heart rate to increase cardiac output to restor perfusion)
drop in bp

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20
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the renal system

A

reduced urine output

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21
Q

what are the outward clinical signs of shock on the skin

A

become pale

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22
Q

what is hypovolaemic shock

A

low blood volume
reduction in circulotry volume due to low cardiac output

BLOOD LOSS

bascially loss of stroke volume- not enough blood returning to the heart, less being able to pump round the body

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23
Q

what is cardiogenic shock

A

failure of heart as a pump

loss of cardiac output

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24
Q

what is distrubutive shock

A

inadequate tissue perfusion due to-

lack of normall responsivness of blood vessels to vasoconstritve agents

basically loss of the ablity to control the changes in diameter

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25
describe septic shock
widespread inflammatory response | massive vasodialtion which increases capllilary permeablity- decreases systemuc vascular resislance
26
describe anaphylactic shock
overactivation of immune response | so their is massive relax of histamine from most cells this increased prostaglandia realses
27
what is neurogenic shock
loss of sympathetic activity for example- spinal cord injury
28
what is a baroreceptors
sensing the levles of perfusion by detect levles of stretch on the vascualr walls
29
explain how shock causes cardiovascualr compensation
barorecpetors respond to stretch of arterial walls | decrease in LV output results in decreased activation of baroreceptrors this leads to a weak pulse
30
what are te clinical observation for cardiovascualar changes in shock during the compesnation stage
no changes in bp- its being compensated effects of activated sympathetic nervous system increased heart rate (tachycardia) pale, cool clammy skin (vasoconstriction) decreased pulse pressure
31
what is the auto regulation of glomenular filtertion
how much blood is filtered this is dependant on pressure
32
what leads to activation of coagulation
damge to the capillary endothelum caused by pathogens and inflammatory mediators this leads to micro tromi (clotted blood) these can obstruct the capillaries and comprimse the blood supply and lead to death of the bodies tissues
33
what is absolute hypovolaemia
blood vessesl become leaky and fluid leaves cardiovascular system droping stroke volume
34
what is relative hypovolaemia
blood changes location in circulatroy system
35
what are the 3 stages to inflammation
vasodialtion- caused by inflammation mediators increased vascular permeablitiy- leads to leaky cappilaries with intravascular volume leaking into extravascular space increased oxygen deman from the cells
36
what is inflammation
a protective response to elemnate the cause of injury and any recrotic tissues present as a result of the injury
37
what are lymphoocytes cells
are parts of the adaptive immune system
38
what are phayocytosis cells
cells that eat bacteria like pac man
39
what is the complement system
the ability of antibodies to clear microbes and damge cells from an organsim- they attack the pathogen cells
40
what is the adaptive immune system
this is adapted through stuff you have been exposed to
41
what is the innate immune system
the immune system your born with
42
what causes pathophysiology sepsis
overstimulation of the immune system which priamaly involves the innate immune system (the first line of defence)
43
explain the proccess of bacterial sepsis
bacteria infection starts this leads to inflamation and an inflammatroy cell response that prodcues pro-inflammatory mediators this causes sepsis due to a loss of homeostasis
44
what is bacterial sepsis
caused by a widespread variety of bacterial mechansisms
45
what type of bacteria is more resisitant to bacteria
gram negative
46
explain what gram positive is
bacteria that has a cell wall comprisisng mainly of peptidoglycan
47
expalin what gram negatiive bacteria is
bacteria that has a thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwhcih between two memebranes
48
what is the classifaction of bacteria
the strucutre of the cell wall that can determine the type of antibacteral drug use it can be classifed as gram postive and gram negatvie
49
give the definition of sepsis
sepsis is a a life threatning conditon that arises when the bodys response to an infection injuries its own tissues this is due to a dysregualted host response
50
explain what happens in refractory shock
widespread cells death shock CANNOT be reversed death is immunite
51
explain what happens to the body during proggressive shock
compensatory mechanisms begin to fail perfusion begins to fail metabloci acidosis is present start to become deprivation in brain leads to confusion mutliple organ failure leads to organ damge
52
expalin the effects of shock on gas exchange
gas exachnage requires suffiecient ventalation and perfusion shock reduces perfusion which leafs to hypoxia and hypocapnia
53
explain vasoconstriction
is the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.
54
explain vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel's muscular walls.
55
how does the bp increase the glomerular filteration rate
vasodilation of afferent arterioles
56
how does the blood pressure reduce the glomenualr fileration rate
vasocnstriction of afferent aterioles
57
what happens to the renal compensation mechanism during shock
its shuts it off reducing the amout you urinate due to the need to maintain blood flow to heart, brain and muscles
58
whats the role of the immune system
``` recognise and neutralise pathagones kills infected cells responds to 'dange' signals removes dead cells contributes to wound healing ```
59
what causes a fluctition in the autoregulation mechanism of the glomenualr filteration
the BP, this stimulated the regualtion mechanism that keeps it stable
60
what cells are responsable for inflamation
mast cells- they find a pathagen and resell a signal in histamine molecules
61
what is mucus and where can it be found
mucus lines all our organs and it aims to trap pathagens
62
what is the innate immune response
first natural defence doesn't differentiate between pathogens aims to kill them
63
what are the two types of immune response
adaptive innate
64
what are the two main commonents of the adaptive immune responsne
t-lymphocytes (t-helper cells) b-lymphocytes
65
what is the adaptive immune
can differentiate between different types of pathogens
66
what does the immune system do?
``` Recognise and neutralise pathogens Recognise and kill infected cells Respond to ‘danger’ signals Surveillance and removal of transformed (pre-cancerous or cancerous cells) Removes dead cells Contributes to wound healing ```
67
what are the tissues and organs involved in the immune system
``` Tonsils & adenoids Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Peyer’s patches Appendix Lymphatic vessels Bone marrow ```
68
What is an antigen
Bacterial Fungal Viral Chemical
69
What is phagocytosis
The process that macrophages use to destroy pathogens

Applied pathophysiology (8 decks)

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