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Applied pathophysiology > Respiratory ✅ > Flashcards

Respiratory ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

how to diagnose a pleural effusion

A

chest xray

sample fluid through chest X-ray

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2
Q

what are the symptoms of pleural effusion

A

shortness of breath
felling of fullness
chest pain
reduction of breath sounds

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3
Q

what is a pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid outside the lung- can occur on one or both sides

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of pleurisy

A 
sharp 
serve 
knifelike pain 
usually one sided pain 
increases pain when taking in deep breaths
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5
Q

explain the pathophysiology of pleurisy

A

infection/ injury to the pleura

cause inflammation of the pleura

irritation of sensory fibres of parietal pleura

this causing rubbing of layers during inspiration

this causes a lot of pain

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6
Q

what is the pleura

A

membrane that covers the lungs

contains 2 layers visceral and parietal

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7
Q

what is pleurisy

A

inflammation of both layer of the pleura

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8
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis

A

fever
dyspnea
absence of breath sounds

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9
Q

what is the cause of atelectasis

A

excessive recreation of mucus

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10
Q

explain pathophysiology of atelectasis

A

airway obstruction causes loos of prexsiting air in alveoli causing the alveolar to collapse

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11
Q

what is atelectasis

A

loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of the air space

this causes a shunt causing ventilation and perfusion miss match

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12
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

trachynoea
fever
increased levels of breathing- tracheal tug, intercostal resection
cyanosis and pale

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13
Q

explain the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis

A

rsv virus is spread through airborne droplets or through direct contact

this begins with replication of the virus in the nasal pharynx

infection in lower respiratory begins 1-3 days later

spread to the bronchioles

the infection promotes an inflammation response and immune cells rush to the area

this causes increase mucuse prodcution from the goblet cells

this leads to small airway production and air trapping which increases airway resistance

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14
Q

what are the cellular changes in bronchiolitis

A

narrowing of the airway due to mucus recreation
cell wall thickening and smooth muscle contract

this inflammation can cause air to be trapped in the alveoli making I difficult to breath

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15
Q

what is the cause of bronchiolitis

A

viral infection

RSV

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16
Q

what is bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles

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17
Q

what is a haemothorac

A

Haemothorax is when blood collects between the chest wall and the lungs. This area where blood can pool is known as the pleural cavity. The build-up of the volume of blood in this space can eventually cause the lung to collapse as the blood pushes on the outside of the lung.

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18
Q

what are the treatments to a haemothorax

A

chest drain

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19
Q

what are the complications for a haemothorax

A

Losing a lot of blood from this condition can cause the body to go into shock because of the lack of blood and oxygen being pumped throughout the body to your organs.
Shock caused by blood loss is called hypovolaemic shock. Going into hypovolaemic shock can cause long-term or permanent damage to organs, including the heart, lungs, and brain.
Blood getting into the chest cavity can infect fluid in the area around the lungs. This type of infection is known as empyema. An untreated empyema infection can lead to sepsis, which happens when inflammation occurs throughout the body.

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20
Q

how can you diagnose a haemothorax

A
  • CT scans
  • X-rays around broken bones near the chest or abdomen
  • If it is suspected that an underlying condition — such as cancer, TB, or EDS — is causing a haemothorax, they may recommend further blood or imaging tests to properly diagnose and treat
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21
Q

what happens to the airways if resistnace is low

A

Airway resistance is low if the airway is clear and open

air can pass easily along the airways to ventilate the alveoli.

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22
Q

what happens to the airways if resistnace is high

A

Airway resistance is high if the airway is constricted or blocked
air cannot easily pass
ventilation and gas exchange is reduced
effort of breathing may increase.

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23
Q

what are the treatments to COPD

A

Oxygen supplement

Control of mucus secretions (physiotherapy)

Treatment of lung infection (antibiotics)

Control of airways obstruction (e.g. using bronchodilators, corticosteroids)

Treatment for pulmonary oedema (diuretics)

Reducing load on respiratory muscles

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24
Q

ways to prevent COPD

A

Stop smoking to prevent further damage
Smoking cessation is critical for all severities of COPD
Avoid exposures to
Second-hand smoke and
Other substances such as chemical vapors, fumes, mists, dusts, and diesel exhaust fumes that irritate lungs

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25
ways to diagnose COPD
Spiromatary test
26
explain the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis in terms of COPD
Damage to the cilia which become unable to move bacteria and foreign particles out of the lungs Too much mucus production by goblet cells in airways Bacteria become trapped in mucus and can cause respiratory infections. Overgrowth of the smooth muscle cells in the bronchi restricts airflow
27
what are the causes of pleural effusion
Transudative- due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in blood vessels. Fluid is then leaked into the pleural space. Exudative- inflammation of pulmonary capillaries causing leakage into the pleural cavity.
28
what are the risk factors of atelectasis
Older age Any condition that makes it difficult to swallow Confinement to bed with infrequent changes of position Lung disease, such as asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis Recent abdominal or chest surgery Recent general anaesthesia Weak breathing (respiratory) muscles due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition Medications that may cause shallow breathing such as opiates. Pain or injury that may make it painful to cough or cause shallow breathing, including stomach pain or rib fracture Smoking
29
what is atelectasis
Also known as Collapsed lung Atelectasis is a condition in which the airways and air sacs in the lung collapse or do not expand properly. Atelectasis can happen when there is an airway blockage, when pressure outside the lung keeps it from expanding, or when there is not enough surfactant for the lung to expand normally. When your lungs do not fully expand and fill with air, they may not be able to deliver enough oxygen to your blood.
30
what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema
Dyspnea - Minimal cough - Increase minute ventilation to expel more CO2 from the lungs - Pink skin and pursed lip to extend the airway - Accessory muscle use - Cachexia (extreme weight loss and muscle wasting due to extra work in breathing) - Hyperinflation, barrel chest - Decreased breath sounds - Tachypnoea
31
what are the risk factors to emphysema
Smoking: Smoking of any kind encourages inflammation to the airway.
32
what causes emphysema and how
Smoking causes inflammation and injury to the lung. As a result this stimulates the movement of inflammatory cells into the lung and these neutrophils release protease in attempt to reduced inflammation
33
what is emphysema
Emphysema is a condition under the umbrella term COPD which is inflammation of the bronchial wall, this is a breakdwon of elestic firbes All this adds up to a mismatch of ventilation and perfusion.
34
treatments for asbestosis
The main treatment is avoiding the dust or fumes causing the condition. There are no specific drug treatments. Oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation may help with your symptoms.
35
signs and symptoms of asbestosis
* shortness of breath * persistent cough * tiredness * difficulty breathing * chest pain * coughing up black phlegm (coal worker’s pneumoconiosis only)
36
explain what happens in cystic fibrosis
cells cannot secreate chlorine irons as they are trapped inside the cell therefor they don't attack water to help thin out the mucus this makes mucus abnormally thick and then it builds obstructing the organs this leads damage overtime
37
what is the role of mucus
protects the winning of organs and tissues
38
what is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
transports negatively charged chlorine irons in gland that secretes mucus the chlorine ions which help to attract water- help to make mucus less viscous
39
what is cystic fibrosis
a condition that causes sticky mucus ti build up in the lungs and digestive system
40
what is the causes of cystic fibrosis
a defect to chromosome 7 and a mutation to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
41
what are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis
``` respiratory signs and symptoms • A persistent cough that produces thick mucus (sputum) • Wheezing • Breathlessness • Exercise intolerance • Repeated lung infections • Inflamed nasal passages or a stuffy nose Digestive signs and symptoms – ``` * Foul-smelling, greasy stools * Poor weight gain and growth * Intestinal blockage, particularly
42
what is extrinsic asthma
Extrinsic asthma develops in response to allergens, such as dust mites, pollen, and mold. It is the most common form of asthma.
43
what are the two types of asthma
extrinsic | intrinsic
44
what is intrinsic asthma
non allergic asthma ``` Has various types of stimuli target hyper-responsive tissues in the airways o Adulthood onset o Cigarette smoke o Exercise o Exposure to cold and dry air o Heat and humidity o Chemicals and fumes o Certain drugs (aspirin and NSAIDs) o Respiratory tract infections o Hormonal changes o Anxiety o Fragrances ```
45
what symptoms does asthma display due to inflammation
this inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning.
46
what is asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
47
where are the t-helper cells found and what do they do
t-helper 1 is normally found in the lung t-helper 2 not normally found in the lungs but are regulated in asthma they prmote inflamation by increasing the mediated immunity
48
explain the pathophysiology of extrinsic asthma
individual inhales an allergen iGe cells (that are involved in inflammation and allergic response) these IgE cells bind to a mast cell including a T-helper 2 cell this realises white blood cells that contains histamine this stimulates smooth muscles in the air way to cause bronchconstriction and vasodilation & increased primality of blood vessels
49
what are the cellular affects of asthma
increased mucus production increased goblet cells
50
what are the two types of respiratory failure
* Type 1: low levels of oxygen in the blood, this is known as Hypoxaemic Respiratory Failure unrelieved by O2 therapy * Type 2: low levels of oxygen in the blood plus an increase in the level of carbon dioxide, this is known as Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
51
what is the start of respiratory failure
when ventilation and oxygenation upsets homeostasis
52
where do airway and breathing problems originate from
inability of the lungs to either ventilate or oxygenate
53
What is respiratory failure
Is a condition in which respiratory system fail in one or both of its gas exchange function due to dysfunction of one or more essential components of the respiratory system
54
How long does it take for chronic respiratory failure take to develop
Several dates or longer
55
What are the essential components of the respiratory system
``` Chest wall Airways Alveolar and capillary units Pulmonary circulation Cns ( brain stems) and nerves ```
56
What are the two types of respiratory failure
Hypoxamic failure | Hypercapnic failure
57
What is type one respiratory failure
Hypoxameic
58
What is type two respiratory failure
Hypercapnic
59
What is hypoxemic respiratory failure
Failure to oxygen exchange Low oxygen levels and normal carbon dioxide levels
60
What is hypercapnic failure
High levels of carbon dioxide , low levels of oxygen
61
What are the common causes of hypoxemic
Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism
62
What is the common causes of hypercapnic
``` Severe asthma Copd Drug overdose Neuromuscular disease Chest wall abnormalities ```
63
What is management of respiratory failure
``` Oxygen supplement Control of mucus secretion (physiotherapist) Treating lung infections (antioboitics) Control of airway obstructions Treating pulmonary oedema ```
64
What type of respiratory failure does not respond to oxygen therapy
Type one- hypoxemic
65
What is the definition of ventilation
Volume of air which moves in and out of the mouth
66
Give a definition of perfusion
Flow of blood through tissues
67
What is a shunt
Under ventilation areas of the lungs can cause a shunt where venous blood returns to the heart without collecting its normal oxygen Gupta
68
What can respiratory diseases be classed as
Shunt producing
69
What is the common cause of pneumonia
Infection by bacteria or viruses
70
What is the venous system
Blood that flows through the body and returns blood to the right side of the heart
71
What is tuberculosis
Chronic inflammatory disease cause by the pathogenic bacterium
72
Where is tuberculosis most common
Built up low income areas | Prisms
73
Where does tuberculosis affect
Mainly affects the lungs
74
How does transmission of tuberculosis occur
Through coughing infectious droplets and close contact with infectious cases
75
What are the two types of tuberculosis
Latent tb - bacteria infect the body but doesn’t cause symptoms Active tb- infection causes symptoms
76
Explain the pathophysiology of tuberculosis
Individual inhaled mycrobacterium Travels down the airways to the alveoli Bacterium starts to multiply Body goes into defence mode- starts inflammatory Bacteria become engolfed The immune system also attacks healthy cells ( this leads to a build up of fluid) The live and dead bacteria accumulated and transform into fibrous mass Eventually calcify and form scars The build up will irritate the lungs
77
What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis
``` Persistant cough Increase shortness of breath Lack of appetite/ weight loss Night sweats Extreme fatique ```
78
What’s a pulmonary embolism
An occlusion within the pulmonary arteries that obstructs blood flow to the lung tissues
79
What is the usual Cause of a pulmonary embolism
Usually as a result of a blood clot that’s formed in part of the body They travel through the Venus system and become stuck in the pulmonary artery
80
Explain the pathophysiology of a pulmonary embolism
A blood clot travels and becomes stuck in the pulmonary artery This causes the blood supply to become compromised caused infection and death of lung tissues (cells become starved of oxygen and nutrients) The instruction causes a ventilation/ perfusion miss match (due to a segments of the lung receiving adequate ventilation but perfusion is absent) The blood then starts to back up and arteries begin to engorge and rupture This overal leads to pulmonary odema due to in not being able to emerge the vascular demands
81
What are the cause of a pulmonary embolism
Throbis formed in the deep beings Tumours where cells have broken of and embolised Sickle cell disease
82
What are the risk factors to a pulmonary embolism
``` Abnormal clotting Pregnancy Smoking Sickle cell disease Surgery Truma IV drug uses Infection Immobile Heart failure ```
83
What are the signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism
``` Sudden onset Increase resp rate Difficulty in breathing Tachycardia Coughing up blood Pin point pain ```
84
What is inhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract in a downwards and outwards motion expanding the thoracic cavity
85
What is the pulmonary plura
Two layers of Cyris membrane surrounding the lung and attaching to the thoracic cavity
86
What is exhalation
Passive process (no muscle contraction involved) the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax which increases intrathoracic pressure
87
What is Industrial lung disease
Term for a group of lung diseases caused by breathing in specific dusts in your work place which gets lodged inside your lungs and causes scarring
88
Explain the pathophysiology of asbestosis
Tiny absorbed fibres penetrate deep into the lungs (small airways and alveoli) Macrophages attempt to digest asbestos fibres Inflammatory factors are released Fibrous tissues develop around the macrophages Leads to long term inflation and scaring of the lungs
89
What happens during a pneumothorax
Air can Enter and exit through the plural cavity during inhalation and exhalation Due to damage of the visceral or parietal cavity
90
Two different types of pneumothorax
Spontaneous: caused by a defect in the alveoli wall or visceral pleura due to airfield pockets just below the visceral pleura Traumatic: traumatic injury to the thoracic cavity such as rib fractures or stab wounds
91
What is an open pneumothorax
It is a penetrating thoracic injury | Open to the outside world
92
What is a closed pneumothorax
An accumulation of air within the pleural space originating from respiratory tract (Closed to the outside world)
93
Pneumothorax
During inhalation, the opening will allow air to escape the lung and enter the pleural space
94
What happens during pneumonia
Infection in the lung tissues —> this beings water into the lungs making it difficult to breath—> air sacks are filled with fluid—> breathe in air and microbes(cause infection)—> if successful it takes over the bronchioles and aveoli—>this multiplies and enters the lung tissues—>creates and inflammatory response and sends white blood cells,protein and fluids and red blood cells
95
Symptoms of pneumonia
Shortness of breath Chest pain Fatigue Fever
96
What is COPD
Progressive chronic lung disease—>associated with inflammation of the lungs Chronic bronchitis Chronic inflammation of bronchi, excessive mucus production, cough and this leads to emphysema
97
Causes of COPD
``` Smoking Long term exposure to harmful Gases Genetics Age History childhood respiratory condition ```

Applied pathophysiology (8 decks)

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