Immunology

Question 1

An enhanced state of responsiveness to a specific substance, introduced by prior contact with that substance

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 2

Natural/Innate immunity
Acquired/adaptive immunity

Question 3

What are the characteristics of the two types of immunity? (5)

Answer 3

Specificity
Mechanical
Humoral
Cellular
Induction

Question 4

Of the 5 characteristics of types of immunity, what are the characteristics of natural/innate immunity?

Answer 4

Specificity: Nonspecific
Mechanical: Skin, mucous membrane
Humoral: pH, lysozome, serum proteins
Cellular: White blood cells
Induction: Constitutive, does not acquire immunization

Question 5

Of the 5 characteristics of types of immunity, what are the characteristics of acquired immunity?

Answer 5

Specificity: Specific
Mechanical: Immune induced reactive fibrosis
Humoral: Immunoglobulin antibodies
Cellular: Specifically sensitized lymphocytes
Induction:
requires previous contact for immunization

Question 6

Of the two types of immunity, this is present since birth and is nonspecific.

Answer 6

Natural immunity

Question 7

With natural immunity, what are the examples of its components? (6)

Answer 7

Skin
Mucus membrane
Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

Question 8

Of the two types of immunity, this is expressed after exposure to a given specific substance.

Answer 8

Acquired immunity

Question 9

What are the two components of acquired immunity?

Answer 9

Primary immune response
Secondary/anamnestic immune response

Question 10

What are the characteristics of primary immune response?

Answer 10

-Initial exposure to a certain pathogen
-Followed by induction or specifically reactive T cells

Question 11

What are the characteristics of secondary/anamnestic immune response?

Answer 11

-Contact to known pathogen
-Production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes which increases resistance to pathogen

Question 12

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

Answer 12

Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity

Question 13

What are the four main components of the immune system?

Answer 13

Central lymphoid organs
Peripheral lymphoid organs
Cells of the immune system
Molecules of the immune system

Question 14

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the central lymphoid organs? (3)

Answer 14

Bone marrow
Thymus
Bursa

Question 15

Why are the central lymphoid organs important?

Answer 15

They are the location of lymphoid cell maturation

Question 16

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the peripheral lymphoid organs? (5)

Answer 16

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic channels
Tonsil
Peyer’s patches

Question 17

Why are the peripheral lymphoid organs important?

Answer 17

They are the location of lymphoid cell reactivity

Question 18

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the cells of the immune system? (3)

Answer 18

Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Question 19

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the molecules of the immune system? (2)

Answer 19

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Lymphokines

Question 20

What stem cell that develops into the cells of the immune system?

Answer 20

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 21

Where are pluripotent stem cells mainly sourced from? (3)

Answer 21

Embryonic yolk sac
Fetal liver
Adult bone marrow

Question 22

What are the three location of pluripotent stem cell maturation?

Answer 22

Bone marrow
Bursa of Fabricius
Thymus

Question 23

What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in the bone marrow of adult animals?

Answer 23

B cells

Question 24

What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in animals Bursa of Fabricius of birds?

Answer 24

B cells

Question 25

What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in the thymus?

Answer 25

T cells

Question 26

Why are B cells important?

Answer 26

Generates humoral immunity

Question 27

How does B cells function? (2)

Answer 27

-They are activated by specific receptors (immunoglobulins) on their surface for antigen recognition -Matures intos antibody producing plasma cells

Question 28

Once B cells mature, where can they predominantly located? (2)

Answer 28

Germinal centers of lymph node Germinal centers of spleen

Question 29

Of the two types of acquired immunity, where are B cells involved in?

Answer 29

Humoral immunity

Question 30

How does T cells function? (3)

Answer 30

-They help B cells become antigen-producing plasma cells -They have specific receptors on surface for antigen recognition -They have participate in immune response suppression

Question 31

Once T cells mature, where can they predominantly located? (3)

Answer 31

In circulation Interfollicular areas of lymph node Interfollicular areas of spleen

Question 32

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in the 12th century?

Answer 32

Chicken pox variolation/inoculation

Question 33

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1754?

Answer 33

Rinderpest outbreak which eventually lead to virus inoculation on animals for prevention and control of Rinderpest

Question 34

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1789?

Answer 34

Edward Jenner used cowpox virus as a vaccine for smallpox in humans. The word vaccination (vacca=cow) was coined

Question 35

What is the significant happenings in the history of immunology in 1879? (2)

Answer 35

-Louis Pasteur established the general principle of vaccination using P. multocida in chickens -Rabies vaccine using dry spinal cord from rabbits

Question 36

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1890-1904?

Answer 36

Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato tested vaccines for diphteria and tetanus

Question 37

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1905?

Answer 37

Robert Koch discovered tuberculin reaction

Question 38

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1955-1960?

Answer 38

Jonas Salk and Alfred Sabin discovered the different forms of poliomyelitis vaccine

Question 39

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1984?

Answer 39

Goerge Koehler and Cesar Milstein produced monoclonal antibodies