Immunology

Question 1

the ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their
products and to protect against environmental agents

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

lack of immunity

Answer 2

Susceptibility

Question 3

response generated against a potential pathogen

Answer 3

Immune response

Question 4

Innate Immunity

Answer 4

– Immediate
– Not long-lasting
– Nonspecific
– Lacks immunologic memory
– First line of defense

Question 5

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 5

– Responds rapidly to 2nd exposure
– Specific
– Has immunologic memory
– Second line of defense

Question 6

Skin and Mucous Membranes

Answer 6

■ Epidermis
■ Mucus in mucous membranes
■ Cilia in respiratory tract
■ Tears
■ Saliva
■ Flow of urine
■ Vaginal secretions

■ Defecation and vomiting
■ Sebum
■ Gastric acid
■ Lysozyme
■ Normal microbiota

Question 8

Formed Elements in the Blood

Answer 8

■ Erythrocytes/RBCs
■ Leukocytes/WBCs
■ Platelets

Question 9

Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 9

myeloid cell
lymphoid stem cell

Question 10

Myeloid cell

Answer 10

Granular leukocytes (whiteblood cells)
Erythrocyte
Megakaryocyte-platelets

Question 11

Granular leukocytes (whiteblood cells)

Answer 11

Mast cell
Eosinophil
Basophi
Neutrophil

Question 12

Lymphoid stem cell

Answer 12

Agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 13

Agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)

Answer 13

Monocytes- dendritic cell and Macrophage
t-cell
B-cell- plasma cell
Natural killer Cell

Question 14

Neutrophils

Answer 14

function: Phagocytosis

Question 15

Basophils

Answer 15

production of histamine

Question 16

Eosinophils

Answer 16

Production of toxic proteins against certain parasites; some Phagocytosis

Question 17

Monocytes

Answer 17

Phagocytosis when they mature to macrophages

Question 18

dendritic cells

Answer 18

Phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune response

Question 19

lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

Answer 19

Function: Destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

Question 20

Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils) and
Monocytes/Macrophages/Dendritic Cells

Answer 20

Phagocytes

Question 21

ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a
cell

Answer 21

Phagocytosis

Question 22

population
of cells that descend from monocytes

Answer 22

Reticuloendothelial (Mononuclear Phagocytic) System

Question 23

resident in certain tissues and
organs of the body

Answer 23

Fixed Macrophages/Histiocytes

Question 24

roam the tissues and gather at
sites of infection/inflammation

Answer 24

Free/Wandering Macrophages

Question 25

Fixed Macrophages

Answer 25

■ Kupffer cells- liver ■ Alveolar macrophages-lungs ■ Microglial cells- CNS nervous system ■ Langerhans Cells-skin ■ Splenic macrophages-splein ■ Peritoneal macrophages-peritonial

Question 26

consists of a fluid (lymph), vessels (lymphatic vessels), and structures and organs containing lymphoid tissue

Answer 26

Lymphatic System

Question 27

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Answer 27

where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent – e.g. bone marrow and thymus

Question 28

Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues

Answer 28

– where most immune responses occur – e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix, MALT (mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue) – contains large numbers of lymphocytes and phagocytes – Lymph nodes – sites of activation of T cells and B cells

Question 29

sites of activation of T cells and B cells

Answer 29

Lymph nodes

Question 30

Complement System

Answer 30

consists of >30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood and within tissues

Question 31

3 pathways: all end in activation of C3

Answer 31

– Classical – Alternative – Lectin

Question 32

Outcomes of Complement Activation

Answer 32

Cytolysis opsonization inflammation

Question 33

Inflammation

Answer 33

a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage

Question 34

5 cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

Answer 34

– Pain – Redness – Loss of function – Swelling – Heat

Question 35

Functions: – to destroy/remove the injurious agent – if destruction/removal is not possible, to limit the effects on the body by confining or walling it off – to repair or replace damaged tissue

Answer 35

Inflammation

Question 36

Steps 1. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability 2. Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis 3. Tissue Repair

Answer 36

Inflammation

Question 37

Acute Inflammation

Answer 37

– develop rapidly and last for a few days or weeks – mild and self-limiting – principal defensive cells: neutrophils

Question 38

Chronic Inflammation

Answer 38

– develop slowly and last up to several months or years – severe and progressive – principal defensive cells: monocytes and macrophages

Question 39

abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat

Answer 39

Fever

Question 40

Fever

Answer 40

■ intensifies the effect of interferons ■ may help tissue repair ■ IL-1 - helps step up T cell production

Question 41

■ a family of cytokines ■ produced by fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages ■ inhibit viral replication

Answer 41

Interferons (IFNs)

Question 42

3 types of interferons in humans

Answer 42

– alpha interferon (IFN-ɑ) – beta interferon (IFN-β) – gamma interferon (IFN-γ)

Question 43

has ability to differentiate between normal “self” cells and “nonself” also in innate

Answer 43

Adaptive Immunity

Question 44

distinguished from innate immunity by its specificity and memory like combat specific pathogen or antigen while innate- nonspecific ombats any pathogen

Answer 44

Adaptive Immunity

Question 45

The Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity

Answer 45

Humoral and cell mediated immunity

Question 46

Mediated by B cells

Answer 46

Humoral Immunity

Question 47

Mediated by T cells

Answer 47

Cell mediated

Question 48

Acts on extracellular microbes and their toxins

Answer 48

Humoral immunity

Question 49

Acts on itracellular microbes such as Viruses, bacteria, and parasites and tumor cells

Answer 49

Cell mediated Immunity

Question 50

Primary lymphatic organs

Answer 50

Red bone marrow Thymus

Question 51

Red bone marrow lng

Answer 51

B cells -Humoral

Question 52

red bone marrow and thymus

Answer 52

mature t cells-cell mediated immunity