Immunology

Question 1

The process of ________ is initiated when the codon ___ is reached on the mRNA and this codon binds by hydrogen bonding to the anticodon ___ on an aminoacyl tRNA carrying the amino
acid __________.

Answer 1

translation
AUG
UAC
methionine

Question 2

The _______ ______ includes barriers, the complement cascade, toll-like
receptors, granulocytes, and natural killer cells

Answer 2

innate branch

Question 3

The adaptive branch is governed by two systems, the humoral system with _ cells and the cellular system with _ cell

Answer 3

B
T

Question 4

molecules, called _____ include lipopolysaccharides
common to gram positive and gram negative bacteria and are recognized in the extracellular
environment

Answer 4

PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)

Question 5

All cells of the immune system, whether the innate branch or the adaptive branch originate in the___ ____ ______ as pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 5

red bone marrow

Question 6

Common Myeloid precursor cell –> Granulocyte–>
1.
2.
3.

Answer 6

1.Neutrophils
2.Basophils
3. Eosinophils

Question 7

Common Myeloid precursor cell –> __________–> Macrophage

Answer 7

Monocyte

Question 8

Common lymphoid precursor cell –> Common T-cell precursor –> ___ or Common ___ T-cell precursor which then gives rise to these four below

2. 3.
   4.

Answer 8

CD8 or CD4

1. TH1
2. TH2
3. TH17
4. Treg

Question 9

Common lymphoid precursor cell –> Common ILC precursor–>

1.
2. (3 total)
3.

Answer 9

1. NK cells
2. ILC1/2/3
   3.LTi

Question 10

Both Naive B/T cells migrate to secondary _____ tissues such as:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 10

Lymphoid

1. Lymph nodes
2. spleen
3. mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues

Question 11

_ cells, which are often located in the epithelium adjacent to the crypts transport proteins from the extracellular space of the intestine across the epithelium and into the Peyer’s patch

Answer 11

M

Question 12

Mature plasma _ cells secrete ___
which crosses the epithelium and enters the lumen of the intestine where it binds specifically to
potential pathogens.

Answer 12

B
IgA

Question 13

_ cells are concentrated in the follicles, and _ cells reside between the follicles. _________ and myeloid ________ cells are among the immune cells in Peyer’s patches

Answer 13

B
T

Macrophages
dendritic

Question 14

The ______ is a secondary lymphoid tissue that monitors for blood-borne pathogens

Answer 14

spleen

Question 15

The ______ pulp in the spleen is a region rich in macrophages where
worn out erythrocytes are destroyed. The _______ pulp constitutes regions in the spleen where B and T cells congregate

Answer 15

red
white

Question 16

The organization of the white
pulp resembles the lymph node in that B and T cells are relegated to different regions. _ cells are
predominately located along the marginal regions of the white pulp near the Marginal sinus. The _ cells are located more centrally

Answer 16

B
T

Question 17

In the ______ pathway, a molecule
with multiple binding sites attaches to mannose-rich sugar complexes containing acetylated sugars typically found in bacterial cell walls

Answer 17

lectin

Question 17

LECTIN PATHWAY
plasma proteins include active site _______ proteases (MASPs) that cleave the plasma proteins __ and __ generating ___ and ___ on the pathogen cell surface.

The combination of these two
molecules generates an enzyme called __ convertase, which cleaves
__ into ___ and ___

Answer 17

serine

C2 and C4
C2a and C4b

C3
C3
C3a and C3b

Question 17

The ________ ________ comprises three branches that involve similar cascades of enzymatic activity. All three culminate in a _______ _______ _______ that opens pores in bacterial membranes and kills the pathogen.

Answer 17

complement cascade

Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)

Question 18

The combination of C3b, C2a, and C4b constitutes a new enzyme called
__ convertase which cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b

Answer 18

C5
C5
C5a & C5b

Question 18

___ becomes an assembly point
for C6 through C9, and several C9 molecules assemble into a pore in
the pathogen’s membrane and initiate cell death.

Answer 18

C5B

Question 19

MACs are less effective on the thick cell walls of fungi, but molecules from the complement cascade bind to fungi and prepare them for ___________ by ___________.

This process is called _________

Answer 19

Phagocytosis
Macrophages

opsonization

Question 20

Gram _______ bacteria contain a
membrane plus a thick glycolipid wall, which stains purple with the Gram stain

Gram __________ bacteria lack this cell wall but contain two biological
membranes

Answer 20

Positive
negative

Question 21

_____-_____ ________are an
evolutionarily ancient part of the
innate immune system that monitors
for viruses and pathogenic bacteria.
They are most commonly found on
sentinel cells such as dendritic cells
and macrophages

Answer 21

Toll-like receptors

Question 22

TLR activation leads to the production of transcription factors that either turn on ___s for the production of interferon, or ______ for the production of the inflammatory cytokines

Answer 22

IRFs (Interferon Regulatory Factor) NF- κB

Question 23

Activation of TLRs 4, 3, 7, 8, and 9 lead to ________ production whereas the remaining TLRs generate ________ cytokines (TNF-α, Il-1β, Il-6, CCL-2, CXCL-8, and IL-12) by activating NF-κb.

Answer 23

interferon inflammatory

Question 24

Through a series of ________ phosphorylations on the cytoplasmic tails of these toll-like receptors, a cascade of events leads to the generation of transcription factors that activate genes for _____

Answer 24

tyrosine NFκB

Question 25

Most of the cell surface toll-like receptors activate NFκB leading to the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1β, Il-6, and the chemokine ______

Answer 25

CxCL8

Question 26

Endosomal TLRs mostly bind viral nucleic acids, they usually activate genes for ____ _ _________which bind to healthy cells to reduce the rate of viral reproduction.

Answer 26

Type I interferons

Question 27

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic domains of TLR4 leads to the phosphorylation of ____, which when phosphorylated, phosphorylates

Answer 27

IKK (Inhibitor of Kappa B Kinase) IκB

Question 28

NFκB is a dimer composed of ___ and ___. The ___ subunit binds to DNA while ___ is the transactivator that initiates gene transcription of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines

Answer 28

p50 & p65 p50 p65

Question 29

Through its effects on tight junctions, ____ increases capillary permeability for fluids and cells from the blood. The increased fluid flow out of the blood vascular compartment into the infected tissues causes ________

Answer 29

TNF-α swelling

Question 30

____ increases metabolism in muscle and fat cells to generate heat although the histamine release from local mast cells dilates local arterioles to increase blood flow that results in the redness and heat characteristic of acute __________

Answer 30

IL-6 inflammation

Question 31

____ recruits __ cells to the site of infection where it activates them. These cells recognize and attack bacteria and virus-infected cells.

Answer 31

IL-12 Natural Killer (NK)

Question 32

_____ is a chemokine that recruits ________ from the blood and guides them to the site if infection by generating a gradient that ________ can follow

Answer 32

CXCL8 neutrophils neutrophils

Question 33

____ is a chemokine that recruits monocytes from the blood and directs them to the infected tissue.

Answer 33

CCL2

Question 34

______ ____________ are fragments of bacterial cell walls that are transported across the phagolysosome’s membrane into the cell cytoplasm of the host cell. In the cytoplasm, muramyl dipeptide binds to _____ causing two ______ molecules to dimerize

Answer 34

Muramyl dipeptides NOD2 NOD2

Question 35

The dimer attached to the muramyl dipeptide leads through a series of tyrosine phosphorylations to the phosphorylation of ___, which phosphorylates __

Answer 35

IKK (Inhibitor of Kappa B Kinase) I κB (Inhibitor of κB)

Question 36

Activation of a related nod-like receptor, _____, leads to the assembly of a multi subunit structure called an __________

Answer 36

Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome

Question 37

NLRP3 binds a fragment of the pathogenic bacterium to convert inactive ______ to active _________, whose function is to convert inactive ______ to active ____.

Answer 37

procaspase 1 caspase 1 pro-IL1β IL1β

Question 38

inflammasome containing procaspase 4, is converted to active caspase 4 in the inflammasome, this molecule converts inactive ________ _ to its active form, which incorporates into the plasma membrane and forms a pore where IL1B escapes and signals a cell death process called _________

Answer 38

gasdermin D pyroptosis

Question 39

For the cell to control viral protein production, cytoplasmic receptors called ___ ____ _ receptors and ____-_ receptors monitor for viral mRNA

Answer 39

Rig-1-like (RLRs) MDA-5

Question 40

RLRs associate with a transmembrane protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane called ____

Answer 40

MAVS (Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling)

Question 41

This intermolecular association between these two molecules leads to a series of ______/________ phosphorylations that culminates in the phosphorylation of _____/_

Answer 41

serine/threonine IRF3/7 (Interferon-response factor)

Question 42

IRF7 activates ___-_ cytokine IRF3activates ___-_ cytokine

Answer 42

INFa INFB *These are type I interferons*

Question 43

The cytoplasm of these cells contains numerous membrane-bound granules filled with ________ & ___________

Answer 43

granzymes & perforins

Question 44

________ which are serine proteases secreted with ________, enter the target cell through the perforin-generated pores. In the target cell cytoplasm, these proteases activate cytoplasmic caspases and initiate apoptotic cell death.

Answer 44

Granzymes perforin

Question 45

TNF-α which affects both neutrophils and capillary endothelial cells. It causes endothelial cells to produce adhesion molecules including ______ _______ and ______-_.

Answer 45

Vascular Addressin & ICAM-1

Question 46

In neutrophils, TNF α leads to production of_______ (___-_) and _______ which bind to ICAM-1 and Vascular Addressin on endothelial cells

Answer 46

integrin (LFA-1) and Selectin

Question 47

TNF-a disrupts Tight junctions enhances the ability of neutrophils bound to the capillary wall to intercalate between the endothelial cells and leave the capillary in a process called ________

Answer 47

diapedesis

Question 48

_____ _________ occurs when ICAM on the endothelial cell binds to the integrin LFA on the neutrophil In this stage, the chemokine CXCL8 released from activated resident macrophages binds to CXCL8 receptor on neutrophils and initiates ___________

Answer 48

Tight binding extravasation.

Question 49

As the neutrophils migrate, they synthesize and secrete a trail of ______ for other neutrophils to follow

Answer 49

CXCL8

Question 50

B cells that express antibodies with the highest affinity for antigen are selected for survival in a process called ________ _________

Answer 50

affinity maturation