Pulmonary

Question 1

Found in bronchioles when goblet and submucosal glands are no longer present; may have secretory and also play a role in epithelial cell regeneration after injury (like type II cells in alveolus).

Answer 1

Clara Cells

Question 2

Epithelial Cells

-Cover ~95% of alveolar surface
Primary sites of gas diffusion

-Secrete surfactant (eases expansion)
Repair/maintain epithelial layer

Answer 2

-Type I

-Type II

Question 3

-Movement of molecules in a manner whereby net transfer of the gas is from high to low concentration is called ___________

-This is Driven primarily by the gas concentration gradients, or difference in gas ________ ________ across a semipermeable membrane

Answer 3

-Diffusion

-Partial Pressure

Question 4

=increased Surface area for gas exchange;
-increased diffusion coefficient (solubility);
-increased ∆P (pressure gradient across membrane)

Will these increase or decrease Gas diffusion rate?

Answer 4

Increase

Question 5

a decreased thickness of membrane between two compartments will increase/decrease gas diffusion rate

Answer 5

Decrease

Question 6

____________ enhances diffusion by increasing gradients across the diffusion barrier

Answer 6

Convection

Question 7

Most O2 exchanged is bound/released by _____________

Answer 7

Hemoglobin

Question 8

Most of the CO2 in blood is in the form of _____

Answer 8

HCO3

Question 9

Movement of air during respiration based on pressure gradients. Expressed as Volume/time

Answer 9

Ventilation

Question 10

Process of blood flow to an organ such as to the lungs. Sometimes used in place of cardiac output, since lungs receive 100% of cardiac output. Units: Volume/time.

Answer 10

Perfusion

Question 11

a decrease in the amount of oxygen in tissues. Important to define/consider the level at which this occurs

Answer 11

Hypoxia

Question 12

a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

Answer 12

Hypoxemia

Question 13

decreased/increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Answer 13

Hypo/Hypercapnia

Question 14

High / low respiratory rate

Answer 14

Tachypnea (high)
Bradypnea (low)

Question 15

difficult or labored breathing

Answer 15

Dyspnea

Question 16

volume normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath

Answer 16

Tidal Volume (TV)

Question 17

additional volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of normal inspiration

Answer 17

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 18

additional volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of normal exhalation

Answer 18

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 19

air remaining (“trapped”) in lungs after max exhalation

Answer 19

Residual Volume (RV)

Question 20

volume of the lungs at end of normal expiration.

Answer 20

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Question 21

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

Answer 21

Vital Capacity (VC)

Question 22

maximal volume of air that can be inhaled

Answer 22

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Question 23

total volume of air in lungs after maximal inhalation
Includes anatomical “dead space” that aids in mixing of inspired/expired air

Answer 23

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 24

volume of inspired air that does not take part in the gas exchange.

Answer 24

Dead Space

Question 25

--__________ dead space = conducting zone -_______ dead space = non-perfused or dysfunctional alveoli (e.g., emphysema)

Answer 25

-Anatomical -Alveolar

Question 26

This gas law states that at a constant temperature the absolute pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional

Answer 26

Boyles Law

Question 27

Pressure in the intra-pleural space between lungs and chest wall, Essentially the pressure in the chest cavity (intrathoracic pressure)

Answer 27

Intra-Pleural Pressure

Question 28

Pressure inside conducting airways (bronchus, bronchioles)

Answer 28

Airway Pressure

Question 29

Pressure difference across the airway wall

Answer 29

Trans-Mural Pressure

Question 30

Pressure difference across the alveolar wall

Answer 30

Trans-Pulmonary Pressure

Question 31

________ ______ is created by opposing recoils of lungs vs. chest wall creates PIP of ~ -5 cm H2O

Answer 31

Relative Vacuum

Question 32

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration) organismal O2 consumption rate correlates positively with aerobic ATP production rate in vivo

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration) electrons transferred from metabolic substrates to the mitochondrial electron transfer complexes ultimately reduce O2 to form water

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration) ATP is generated in mitochondria by the transfer of electrons from NADH to ADP and Pi at complex IV of the electron transport chain (cytochrome oxidase)

Answer 34

FALSE

Question 35

T/F:(regarding oxidative metabolism) Complete fatty acid oxidation requires less O2 per carbon than glucose oxidation

Answer 35

FALSE

Question 36

T/F:(regarding oxidative metabolism) 1 Mole palmitate (16-carbon fatty acid) provides more acetyl-COA than 1 mole of glucose

Answer 36

TRUE (Beta-Oxidation)

Question 37

T/F:(regarding cellular respiration) The major “product” of electron transfer through respiratory complexes I, III, and IV is a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

T/F: (regarding cellular respiration) administering an uncoupling agent that increases mitochondrial membrane permeability to protons to respiring cells would be expected decrease in ATP production but increase or have no effect on cell oxygen consumption.

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

T/F: (regarding oxidative metabolism) NADH is a nucleotide that accepts and donates energy ‘stored’ in its phosphate bonds

Answer 39

FALSE

Question 40

T/F: (regarding oxidative metabolism) at a respiratory exchange ration of .79 CO2 production exceeds O2 consumption, therefore all aerobic ATP is CHO oxidation

Answer 40

FALSE

Question 41

Aerobic production (OXPHOS) from fatty acids predominates in cells when _______ availability is high, and the rate io ATP demand is low

Answer 41

oxygen

Question 42

Aerobic ATP production in mitochondria can be supplemented with ATP produced anaerobically by substrate-level ADP phosphorylation reactions during the breakdown of glucose in the cytosol of the cell, or via 1:1 phosphate exchanges with Phospho-creatine or (another) ADP by phosphagen kinases ________ _________ or _________ _________

Answer 42

Creatine Kinase Adenylate Kinase

Question 43

The end product of glycolysis is two molecules of __________

Answer 43

Pyruvate

Question 44

In order to gain 2-3 ATP from glycolysis, we need ____ to pick up electrons (H-) removed during the GAPDH dehydrogenase reaction forming NADH

Answer 44

NAD+

Question 45

If O2 supply is limited to a cell metabolizing glucose for ATP production most of the pyruvate produced will be reduced (H- added) to form _______. The source of electrons for this reaction is ____

Answer 45

lactate NADH

Question 46

During the Complete oxidation of glucose into 6 CO2 & H2O, the carbons in CO2 are derived from 2 __________ inside the mitochondria of the cell, where the electrons (H-) are ultimately accepted by oxygen forming ___

Answer 46

pyruvates H20

Question 47

Fatty acids are also oxidized in mitochondria, but this process consumes more __ per ___ produced compared to oxidation of glucose.

Answer 47

O2 CO2

Question 48

-complete degradation of food fuels to CO2 and H2O by reactions/pathways that require oxygen -Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Answer 48

Aerobic metabolism

Question 49

-partial degradation of metabolic substrates by reactions that do not utilize oxygen -“Substrate-level” ADP phosphorylation

Answer 49

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 50

-Removes pyruvate to prevent glycolytic pathway inhibition -Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue at a high rate when oxygen supply or use is limited

Answer 50

Lactate

Question 51

What does a decrease plasma pH (Increase [H+]) signal to the respiratory center in the CNS?

Answer 51

Increases rate of breathing

Question 52

Inc/Dec/No change Shifting from reliance upon fatty acids to glucose oxidation for aerobic ATP production on the "respiratory exchange ratio "

Answer 52

INCREASE

Question 53

Inc/Dec/No change "The partial pressure of O2" as it travels from the pulmonary arterial to pulmonary venous circulation

Answer 53

INCREASE

Question 54

Inc/Dec/No change -Diaphragm contraction on "intrapleural pressure (Pip)"

Answer 54

DECREASE

Question 55

Inc/Dec/No change A decrease in intrapleural pressure (Pip) on Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) assuming no change in alveolar pressure (Pa)

Answer 55

INCREASE

Question 56

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE Direct effect of an increase in the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) on "alveolar pressure and lung volume"

Answer 56

NO CHANGE

Question 57

T/F: Expiration is largely a passive process involving relaxation of inspiratory muscles.

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

T/F: Alveoli will fill with air only if intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

Answer 58

FALSE

Question 59

T/F: Passive recoil of the lungs and chest cavity oppose each other to generate a positive intrapleural pressure at functional residual capacity

Answer 59

FALSE

Question 60

T/F: Expiration is largely a passive process involving relaxation of inspiratory muscles

Answer 60

TRUE

Question 61

In a healthy individual after a normal tidal expiration, an abrupt decrease in intrapleural pressure will result in: a) Rapid decrease in transpulmonary pressure b) Increase in alveolar pressure c) Exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume d) A rapid increase in lung volume

Answer 61

d) A rapid increase in lung volume

Question 62

Water surface tension in the alveoli a) Favors expansion of alveolar volume static conditions b) Contributes to the static forces that generate negative P(IP) at functional residual capacity c) Is enhanced by secretions of type II alveolar cells d) Increases alveolar compliance during inspiration

Answer 62

b) Contributes to the static forces that generate negative P(IP) at functional residual capacity

Question 63

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE Secretions of type II alveolar cells ________ the pressure needed to inflate an alveolus

Answer 63

DECREASE

Question 64

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Pulmonary airway obstruction on the PO2 of well perfused alveoli in lung zone 3?

Answer 64

DECREASE (40 roughly deoxygenated blood)

Question 65

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE Pulmonary arteriolar obstruction (decrease perfusion) on the "V/Q of well-ventilated alveoli in the same lung region?"

Answer 65

INCREASE

Question 66

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE Alveolar hypoxia on "blood flow (perfusion)" to this region of the lung?

Answer 66

DECREASE

Question 67

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE An increase in pulmonary arterial pressure on "pulmonary vascular resistance" under normal physiological conditions?

Answer 67

DECREASE

Question 68

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE An increase in lung volume (above the FRC) "on extra-alveolar vascular resistance?"

Answer 68

DECREASE

Question 69

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE An increase in lung volume (above the FRC) on "alveolar vascular resistance?"

Answer 69

INCREASE

Question 70

NC/DEC/NO CHANGE Shifting from reliance on fats to glucose ATP production on "RER"

Answer 70

Increase

Question 71

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Partial pressure O2 travels from pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins

Answer 71

INCREASE

Question 72

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Diaphragm contraction on "Intrapleural pressure"

Answer 72

DECREASE

Question 73

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Hyperventilation on "blood pH"?

Answer 73

INCREASE

Question 74

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Pulmonary vasoconstriction on "alveolar PACO2?"

Answer 74

DECREASE

Question 75

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Pulmonary vasoconstriction on "the regional V/Q ratio?"

Answer 75

INCREASE

Question 76

INC/DEC/No CHANGE An increase in PaCO2 on "blood pH"

Answer 76

DECREASE

Question 77

INC/DEC/No CHANGE An increase in PaCO2 on Hb-O2 binding affinity?

Answer 77

DECREASE

Question 78

INC/DEC/No CHANGE An inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex IV on the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

Answer 78

INCREASE

Question 79

INC/DEC/No CHANGE An increase in CO2 release from active tissues on Hb-O2 affinity in nearby erythrocytes

Answer 79

DECREASE

Question 80

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Hyperventilation on Hb-O2 binding affinity at PO2 of 40 mmHg

Answer 80

INCREASE

Question 81

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Respiratory alkalosis (increase pH) on local bronchiolar diameter

Answer 81

DECREASE

Question 82

INC/DEC/No CHANGE an increase in transpulmonary pressure (PTP) on alveolar volume (beginning at the functional residual capacity; FRC)

Answer 82

INCREASE

Question 83

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation on "mitochondrial ATP production?"

Answer 83

DECREASE

Question 84

INC/DEC/No CHANGE an increase in transpulmonary pressure (PTP) on lung volume?

Answer 84

INCREASE

Question 85

INC/DEC/No CHANGE direct effect of decrease carotid arterial PO2 on peripheral chemoreceptor activity?

Answer 85

INCREASE

Question 86

INC/DEC/No CHANGE direct effect of decrease carotid arterial PO2 on Central chemoreceptor activity?

Answer 86

NO CHANGE

Question 87

INC/DEC/No CHANGE activation of the pons apneustic center on inspiratory drive?

Answer 87

INCREASE

Question 88

INC/DEC/No CHANGE Activation of the pneumotaxic center in the pons on the rate and depth of inspiration

Answer 88

DECREASE

Question 89

_________ cells of secrete mucus in the trachea that help to moisten inspired air and trap particulate matter

Answer 89

Goblet

Question 90

INC/DEC/NO CHANGE Expiration on "Intrapleural pressure"

Answer 90

INCREASE

Question 91

INC/DEC/No Change Inhaling an agonist (activator) of bronchiolar smooth muscle Beta2-adrenergic receptors would be expected to _______________ lung airway resistance in an individual experiencing an asthma attack.

Answer 91

DECREASE