Week 1

Question 1

a fundamental physical property of subatomic particles(protons/electrons) defining electrostatic interactions within an atom

Answer 1

Charge (Q, measured in coulombs)

Question 2

In solution, salts dissociate to create
positively charged and negatively charged

Answer 2

Ions

Question 3

ions form the basis of the electrical
excitability of neurons, as their uneven distribution across the plasma membrane results in a
_________ _______ (_______) and their movement across the membrane creates an electrical
current.

Answer 3

potential difference (voltage)

Question 4

Positively charged ions which have an excess of protons are often called

Answer 4

Cations

Question 5

refers to the net charge for an individual ionic species

Answer 5

valence (z)

Question 6

the potential energy resulting from the uneven distribution of charge (in
this case ions) across a non-permeable barrier (in this case the cell membrane)

Answer 6

Voltage (V)

Question 7

the voltage a neuron returns to when not acted on by outside forces (i.e. synaptic
inputs).

Answer 7

resting membrane potential

Question 8

a device that separates (and stores) charges

Answer 8

Capacitance (C)

Question 9

formed by two conductive ‘plates’ separated by an insulating material.
In cellular neurobiology,

Answer 9

capacitor

Question 10

________ take advantage of this stored electrical potential
energy to rapidly produce and transmit signals

Answer 10

Neurons

Question 10

The ___ consists of the brain and spinal cord
-Sensory integration, motor planning/execution, executive function

The ___ consists of sensory and motor divisions
-Communication to/from periphery

Answer 10

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 11

In the PNS

______ _____: provides input to the central nervous system (i.e.
somatosensation from skin)

_______ _____: provides CNS output to the body (i.e. motor commands to move skeletal muscles)

Answer 11

Sensory Division

Efferent Division

Question 11

PNS Efferent Division is subdivided into

Answer 11

Autonomic and Somatic

Question 12

Autonomic system is composed of:

Answer 12

Sympathetic (Fight or flight)
Parasympathetic

Question 13

Parasympathetic and sympathetic components control what in the autonomic nervous system?
(4 total)

Answer 13

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands/cells

Question 14

Somatic system controls _____ mm.

Answer 14

Skeletal

Question 15

The ______ _______ ______ includes neurons in the gut/digestive tract – often included in the autonomic nervous system, but can function independently.

Answer 15

Enteric Nervous System

Question 16

Autonomic nervous system is concerned with maintaining
__________ in physiological systems

Answer 16

homeostasis

Question 17

The _____________ plays a critical role in integrating autonomic/endocrine function with behavioral states:

E
R
B
B
S

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

E-Energy Metabolism: regulates feeding, digestion, and overall metabolic rates
R-Reproduction: regulates hormonal control of mating, pregnancy, and lactation
B-Blood Pressure and Electrolyte Balance: maintains blood osmolarity and vasomotor tone by driving thirst and salt appetite
B-Body Temperature: metabolic thermogenesis and driving behaviors to regulate temperature balance
S-Stress Responses: physical and immunological responses to stress; controls adrenal stress hormone release

Question 18

CNS is subdivided into what 5 major divisions

Answer 18

-Spinal cord
-Brainstem
-Cerebellum
-Diencephalon
-Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

Question 18

Brainstem is made up of

Answer 18

-Medulla
-Pons
-Midbrain

Question 19

Spinal cord is made up of

Answer 19

-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral

Question 20

Diencephalon is made up of

Answer 20

-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus

Question 21

Telecenpahlon is made up of

Answer 21

-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe
-Temporal lobe
-Occipital lobe

Question 22

______ ____: receives and processes sensory information and controls movement via somatic motor system

Answer 22

Spinal cord

Question 23

________: includes several nuclei responsible for vital autonomic function (breathing, heart rate etc) ______: conveys information from cerebrum to cerebellum ______: controls sensory and motor function and coordinates auditory and visual reflexes

Answer 23

Medulla Pons Midbrain

Question 24

______ : involved in the coordination and execution of fine movement and motor learning.

Answer 24

Cerebellum

Question 25

Diencephalon: ______: processes incoming sensory information _______: regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral function

Answer 25

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Question 26

Telencephalon: _________ _______: Higher order thinking, sensory processing, and motor planning ________: emotional states ________: memory formation and spatial navigation _____ ______: regulating motor performance

Answer 26

Cerebral hemispheres Amygdala Hippocampus Basal Ganglia

Question 27

The cerebral cortex can be subdivided into four major lobes: _________ Lobe: Higher order cognitive function, motor planning, short term memory ________ Lobe: Somatic sensation, association cortices _________ Lobe: Hearing, speech production, memory and emotional state ______ Lobe: visual processing

Answer 27

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

Question 28

______ area (Brodmann’s area 44/45): is involved in speech production __________ area (Brodmann’s area 22): is involved in language perception/meaning

Answer 28

Broca's Wernicke’s

Question 29

________ Neurons: are primarily excitatory, and send output to other regions of cortex or subcortical networks ___________ : Generally, are localized within a given region of cortex and can be excitatory or inhibitory -these are a highly complex and expand information processing power of the cortex

Answer 29

Projection Interneurons

Question 30

Cerebral cortex layer _ -Primarily dendrites and axons of passage

Answer 30

I

Question 31

Cerebral cortex layer _ Neurons forming local, intracortical communication

Answer 31

II/III

Question 32

Cerebral cortex layer _ Neurons primarily receiving sensory inputs from thalamus - is highly variable across cortical regions (granular v. agranular)

Answer 32

IV

Question 33

Cerebral cortex layer _ Contains large pyramidal neurons that form the major output pathway from cortex

Answer 33

V

Question 34

Cerebral cortex layer _ Heterogenous (polymorphic) region; contains both neurons and intra-cortical axonal tracts

Answer 34

VI

Question 35

_______ are the fundamental functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 35

Neurons

Question 36

____ play a critical role in supporting neuronal cell health and the overall structure of the brain/neurons - also play important roles in shaping neuronal activity and enhancing information processing capabilities - Subsets also serve as the resident immune cell in the central nervous system

Answer 36

Glia

Question 37

Synaptic Connections: S A D

Answer 37

Synapse Axon terminal (bouton) Dendritic spine

Question 38

Cell Anatomy: S A D

Answer 38

Soma (cell body) Dendrites Axon

Question 39

Cell Networks: P vs. P A vs. E

Answer 39

Presynaptic vs. Postsynaptic Afferent vs. Efferent