Immunology

Question 1

Normal WBC

Answer 1

5,000-10,000

Question 2

Neutrophil count

Answer 2

50-70%

Question 3

Eosinophil count

Answer 3

0-3%

Question 4

Basophil count

Answer 4

Less than 1%

Question 5

Lymphocyte count

Answer 5

20-40%

Question 6

Monocyte count

Answer 6

2-6%

Question 7

Viral CBC

Answer 7

Normal WBC with more lymphocytes than neutrophils

Question 8

Bacterial CBC

Answer 8

Elevated WBC with more neutrophils

Question 9

Parasitic CBC

Answer 9

Normal WBC with elevated eosinophils

Question 10

Immunogenicity

Answer 10

Capacity to induce an immune response by a foreign compound.

Question 11

Antigenicity

Answer 11

Ability to bind to Ig or immune cells. Doesn’t have to elicit an immune response.

Question 12

Respiratory burst

Answer 12

“oxidative burst” Membrane bound NADPH system produces superoxide radicals, hyperchlorous acid, H2O2 and chloramines.

Question 13

Components of the innate system

Answer 13

Macrophages, granulocytes, NKC, complement, physical barriers.

Question 14

Granulocytes

Answer 14

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (mast cells), Monocytes (dendritic cells and macrophages)

Question 15

Basophils

Answer 15

Allergic and Hlminth responses. Release histamine and heparin (increase BF and decrease clotting).

Question 16

Eosinophils

Answer 16

Allergic reactions and asthma. Release free radicals and leukotrienes. Crossover to the adaptive side to stimulate T cells, act as an APC and are weakly phagocytic.

Question 17

Neutrophils

Answer 17

First responder. Respond to cytokines within minutes then release cytokines to call in others. Strongly phagocytic. Release anti-microbial properties and extracellular traps.

Question 18

Mast Cells

Answer 18

release histamine and heparin. In the tissue. Degranulate in response to injury, complement, antibodies or contact with an antigen. Can cause anaphylaxis.

Question 19

Monocytes

Answer 19

give risk to dendritic cells and macrophages. 50% go to the spleen. Differentiate if stimulated by a pathogen.

Question 20

Macrophages

Answer 20

Large phagocytes and APC. Three phases:

1. ) Resting: clean up normal cellular debris
2. ) Primed: engulf bacteria and presents it to T cells
3. ) Hyperactivated: inflammatory cytokines and starts phagocytosing everything.

Question 21

Kupffer cell

Answer 21

specialized macrophage in the liver. With chronic activation from ETOH or toxins they overproduce cytokines and inflammation leading to liver damage.

Question 22

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 22

Cytotoxic Lymphocytes. Don’t need recognition or memory. Turned on my cytokines from macrophages. Kill by releasing perforins and proteases to cause membrane lysis. Don’t phagocytize. surface contact can cause pathogen to apoptose.

Question 23

Complement protiens

Answer 23

Made by the liver. C3 is the most common. Activated by antigens and work together to signal other immune cells.

Question 24

Complement Functions

Answer 24

Opsonization, chemotaxis, induce degranulation, lysis (MAC), acute inflammation, immune cytolysis, virus neutralization.

Question 25

MAC

Answer 25

C6,7,8,9. Causes lysis by disrupting the osmotic balance.

Question 26

Active Natural immunity

Answer 26

Exposure to infectious agents

Question 27

Active artificial immunity

Answer 27

immunizations

Question 28

Passive natural immunity

Answer 28

Maternal antibodies

Question 29

Passive artificial immunity

Answer 29

antibodies from other sources.

Question 30

Adaptive immune system attributes

Answer 30

antigen specific, diversity, memory, must be activated by an antigen or T helper cell.

Question 31

Primary lymphatic organs

Answer 31

Bone marrow=B cells | Thymus=T cells

Question 32

Secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 32

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 33

MHC I

Answer 33

On all cells. Broadcasts what's going on inside the cell.

Question 34

MHC II

Answer 34

On APC. presents the antigen to T helper cells.

Question 35

Primary humoral response.

Answer 35

IgM then IgG. requires T cell to activate.

Question 36

Secondary humoral response

Answer 36

Memory B cells activate rapidly. IgG is most involved.

Question 37

Antibodies actions

Answer 37

Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, opsonization, complement activation.

Question 38

IgG

Answer 38

Secondary response. Mediates MAC formation. Fetal protection (crosses the placenta). Most common, small 21 day half life.

Question 39

IgM

Answer 39

Acute infection. Major antibody for carbohydrates on bacterial cell walls. Pentamer, stays in the circulation. First antibody produced by the infant.

Question 40

IgA

Answer 40

Secretory component. Mucous membranes. Blocks bacterial attachment. J chain, 6 day half life.

Question 41

IgD

Answer 41

Monomer that acts as a receptor on mature Bcells. Required for B cell activation.

Question 42

IgE

Answer 42

Binds mast/basophils to release histamine. Defense against parasites.

Question 43

Type I hypersensitivity

Answer 43

IgE. anaphylaxis.

Question 44

Type II hypersensitivity

Answer 44

IgM and IgG. Autoimmune. hemolytic disease of the newborn (rH), transfusion reaction, grave's, Myasthenia gravis, good pasture's disease.

Question 45

T-helper cells.

Answer 45

Activate B cells, macrophages, neutropils, NK cells and T killer cells. Uses thier TCR and CD4 to bind an antigen presented on MHC II. Cytokine release.

Question 46

T-memory cells

Answer 46

Recognized antigens from previous exposures.

Question 47

T-regulatory cells

Answer 47

Suppressors. Keep immune response limited.

Question 48

T-killer cells

Answer 48

Release cytokines to kill viruses and cancer cells. Use their TCR with CD8 to recognize MHC I antigens. perforins to kill the cell and cytokines to cause apoptosis.

Question 49

Complement activation

Answer 49

C1 binds the antigen/antibody to activate the cascade.