Immunology

Question 1

Immune system organs include what?

Answer 1

Skin, MM, spleen, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, MGCNALT, tonsils, Peyers patches, thymus

Question 2

The spleen consists of ____ and ____ pulp

Answer 2

White and red

Question 3

The white pulp of the spleen has phagocytes that react to what in the bloodstream?

Answer 3

Antigens

Question 4

The red pulp of the spleen has macrophages that removes what?

Answer 4

Worn and damaged blood cells

Question 5

The spleen is a reservoir for what?

Answer 5

RBCs

Question 6

The red bone marrow is responsible for what?

Answer 6

All (white) blood cell production

Question 7

Kuppfer macrophage

Answer 7

Liver

Question 8

Microglial macrophage

Answer 8

Brain

Question 9

Osteoclasts macrophages

Answer 9

Bone/marrow

Question 10

Dendritic macrophages

Answer 10

Skin/LN

Question 11

Histiocytes macrophages

Answer 11

Connective tissue

Question 12

Alveolar macrophages

Answer 12

Lungs

Question 13

Langerhans macrophages

Answer 13

Skin

Question 14

Littoral macrophages

Answer 14

Spleen

Question 15

The medulla of the LNs contains _______ that eat up what 3 things?

Answer 15

Macrophages; cancer cells, antigens, foreign debris

Question 16

What causes LN to enlarge?

Answer 16

Lymphocyte multiplication and macrophage accumulation

Question 17

Define MALT

Answer 17

Mucosa - associated lymphatic tissue

Question 18

Define CALT

Answer 18

Conjunctiva - associated lymphatic tissue

Question 19

Define NALT

Answer 19

Nasopharynx-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 20

Define Galt

Answer 20

Gut - associated lymphatic tissue

Question 21

Functions of MALT/GALT/CALT/NALT?

Answer 21

Identify antigens, mount immune response

Question 22

MALT/GALT/CALT/NALT are clusters of what type of tissues?

Answer 22

Lymphoid tissue

Question 23

Tonsils are part of _ALT but more specifically _ALT?

Answer 23

MALT; GALT

Question 24

What is the function of the tonsils?

Answer 24

Destroy foreign material

Question 25

Peyers patches are a part of the _ALT and more specifically _ALT

Answer 25

MALT; GALT

Question 26

Peyers patch are aggregations of _____ in the _____ intestine

Answer 26

Lymphoid; small

Question 27

What cells mature in the Thymus

Answer 27

T-cells (T lymphocytes)

Question 28

Thymus is only present in what animals?

Answer 28

Young

Question 29

The innate immune system is _____, non-_______ response

Answer 29

Fast; nonspecific

Question 30

What makes up the innate immune system?

Answer 30

Skin, MM, inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, complement system, cytokines, NK cells

Question 31

How does the skin function?

Answer 31

Physical barrier

Question 32

How does the MM function?

Answer 32

Produce mucus, tears, saliva, etc

Question 33

What initiates inflammation?

Answer 33

Histamine

Question 34

Why is vasodilation important?

Answer 34

Diapedesis

Question 35

What are the clinical signs of inflammation?

Answer 35

Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 36

Fever helps move what?

Answer 36

Chemical mediators

Question 37

How does a fever help eliminate a pathogen?

Answer 37

Gets too hot to support pathogen growth

Question 38

What cells are capable of phagocytosis?

Answer 38

Neutrophils, macrophages

Question 39

What helps attract phagocytes?

Answer 39

PAMP receptor, complement system

Question 40

Complement system becomes active in the presence of what?

Answer 40

Antigen or antibody attached to an antigen

Question 41

Functions of the complement system?

Answer 41

Trigger inflammation

Question 42

Define opsonization

Answer 42

Attaches something to flag something for phagocytosis

Question 43

Cytokines includes what?

Answer 43

Interleukins, interferon, chemokines

Question 44

Interleukin 1 =

Answer 44

Tells T cells to release more IL

Question 45

Interleukin 2 =

Answer 45

Causes T cell production

Question 46

Interleukin 4&6=

Answer 46

Causes B cells to clone and produce memory/plasma cells, and antibodies

Question 47

Interferon helps to stop what?

Answer 47

Viral replication

Question 48

What do chemokines do?

Answer 48

Stimulate movement of leukocytes from blood to the injury/inflammation site

Question 49

NK cells are what type of cell?

Answer 49

Lymphocyte

Question 50

How do NK cells kill target cells?

Answer 50

Bind to cell to induce cellular changes leading to apoptosis

Question 51

Adaptive immune system consists of what?

Answer 51

B lymphocytes, t lymphocytes

Question 52

B lymphocytes are a part of which branch of adaptive immunity?

Answer 52

Humoral

Question 53

b lymphocytes produce what?

Answer 53

Immunoglobulin (Ig) or antibodies

Question 54

5 types of b lymphocytes

Answer 54

``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```

Question 55

B lymphocyte IgM is what %?

Answer 55

5%

Question 56

B lymphocyte IgG is what %?

Answer 56

75%

Question 57

B lymphocyte IgA is what %?

Answer 57

20%

Question 58

B lymphocyte IgE is what %?

Answer 58

Trace

Question 59

B lymphocyte IgD is what %?

Answer 59

trace

Question 60

Which b lymphocyte is produced during 1st exposure?

Answer 60

IgM

Question 61

Which b lymphocyte can cross the placenta and is the most abundant?

Answer 61

IgG

Question 62

What b lymphocyte is found in mucosa?

Answer 62

IgA

Question 63

Where do b lymphocytes migrate?

Answer 63

LN and spleen

Question 64

Once activated, b lymphocyte clones can become _____ or _____.

Answer 64

Memory;plasma cells

Question 65

Memory or plasma cells mass produce what?

Answer 65

Antibodies

Question 66

T Lymphocytes are a part of what branch of adaptive immunity?

Answer 66

Cell mediated

Question 67

T lymphocytes originate where?

Answer 67

Bone marrow

Question 68

T lymphocytes migrate to where to mature?

Answer 68

Thymus

Question 69

Once mature, t lymphocytes enter the bloodstream and migrate where?

Answer 69

LN and spleen

Question 70

Once activated, t lymphocyte clones can become what?

Answer 70

Memory cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells

Question 71

Helper T cells secrete what?

Answer 71

Cytokines

Question 72

Cytotoxic T cells do what?

Answer 72

Attach to antigenic markers on cells and destroy them

Question 73

Regulatory T cells do what?

Answer 73

Prevent B cells from transforming into plasma cells

Question 74

Active immunity is achieved what 2 ways?

Answer 74

Exposure or vaccine

Question 75

Passive immunity is achieved what 3 ways?

Answer 75

Placenta, colostrum, IV

Question 76

Define virulence

Answer 76

Degree of pathogenicity

Question 77

Define hypersensitivity

Answer 77

An overreaction of the immune system that causes tissue damage

Question 78

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 78

Animal is sensitized, second exposure is severe, food/milk/drug/vax/parasite allergy, inhalant/atopic dermatitis

Question 79

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 79

Immune mediated DZs

Question 80

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 80

Immune complex: blue eye, pneumonitis, glomerulonephritis, FIP, rheumatoid arthritis (or 4)

Question 81

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 81

Contact dermatitis