immunology

Question 1

what is involved in anti viral immunity

Answer 1

interferons

antibodies

NK cells

cytotoxic T cells

Question 2

what is involved in antihelminth immunity

Answer 2

mast cells and antibodies

Question 3

what is the main source of TNF alpha

Answer 3

macrophages

Question 4

what does TNF alpha do

Answer 4

induce fever and neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 5

what is the main source of IFN gamma

Answer 5

Th1

Question 6

what does interferon gamma do

Answer 6

activate macrophages

Question 7

what does IL5 do

Answer 7

stimulate production of eosinophils

Question 8

IL4

Answer 8

production and proliferation of B cells

Question 9

what are antibodies produced by

Answer 9

antigen activated B cells

Question 10

what are Nk cells

Answer 10

large granular lymphocytes

Induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells

Question 11

what are B cells involved in

Answer 11

production and secretion of antibodies

humoral immune response

Question 12

Macrophages in liver

Answer 12

Kupffer cells

Question 13

Macrophages in lung

Answer 13

alveolar Macrophages - dust cells

Question 14

Macrophages in kidney

Answer 14

mesangial cells

Question 15

Macrophages in nervous system

Answer 15

microglial cells

Question 16

dendritic cells

Answer 16

role in antigen presentation to T cells

Question 17

where are dendritic cells present normally

Answer 17

in peripheral tissues in an immature state

Question 18

what happens in primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 18

WBC (leucocyte) development

Question 19

what happens in secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 19

adaptive immune response initiated - contain T and B cells and dendritic cells

Question 20

what does MHC bind to

Answer 20

TCR

Question 21

what does C40 bind to

Answer 21

CD40L

Question 22

what does TLR4 bind to

Answer 22

LPS (pathogen from Gram neg bacteria)

Question 23

what do pathogens express

Answer 23

PAMPS

Question 24

what do innate immune cells express

Answer 24

PRR

Question 25

what bacteria can evade phagolysosome killing

Answer 25

salmonella and s aureus (superactivation of macrophages induces killing) mycobacterium

Question 26

what does phagolysosome involve

Answer 26

acidification and lysosomal hydrolases

Question 27

what effect do pro inflammatory cytokines have on macrophages

Answer 27

enhance their action - inc production of ROS and RNS species and inc antigen presentation

Question 28

what is the acute phase response

Answer 28

changes in plasma conc of specific proteins in response to inflammation

Question 29

name an acute phase protein

Answer 29

CRP

Question 30

what is CRP

Answer 30

a pentraxin - 5 identical subunits

Question 31

what are the systemic responses of the acute inflammation

Answer 31

fever, neutrophilia and APR

Question 32

what mediates the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelium

Answer 32

weak binding to selectin

Question 33

what do neutrophils bind strongly to on the endothelium

Answer 33

ICAM-1/VCAM-1 - integrins

Question 34

what is diapedesis

Answer 34

neutrophils squeeze through cells

Question 35

what is chemotaxis

Answer 35

neutrophils migrate to site of inflammation

Question 36

what do neutrophils do without inflammation

Answer 36

circulate in the blood

Question 37

how do neutrophils kill

Answer 37

antimicrobial proteins and NADPH oxidase dependent mechanisms (production of ROS)

Question 38

what are neutrophil extracellular traps

Answer 38

neutrophils release intracellular structures into the extracellular environment

Question 39

what do NETs do

Answer 39

immobiise pathogens and prevent them from spreading and facilitate their phagocytosis

Question 40

name 3 opsonins

Answer 40

CRP IgG/M C3b

Question 41

what are anaphlyatoxins and name 2

Answer 41

C3a and C5a promote inflammation

Question 42

where are B adn T cells produced

Answer 42

bone marrow

Question 43

how do naive T and B cells enter lymph nodes

Answer 43

transendothelial migration

Question 44

what is the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune system

Answer 44

dendritic cells

Question 45

which antibody is involved in foetal immune protection

Answer 45

IgG

Question 46

what does opsonisation do

Answer 46

enhance phagocytosis especially in encapsulated bacteria

Question 47

what does IL12 do

Answer 47

Activates NK cells and stimulates differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells