Immunology

Question 1

Increased activity of _____cells and ___cells is thought to be responsible for IL-2’s anti cancer effect

Answer 1

T, NK

Question 2

Where is the complement region located on an immunoglobulin

Answer 2

By the hinge region

Question 3

For T cells _____ selection occurs in the thymic medulla and is when T cells that bind with high affinity are destroyed

Answer 3

Negative

Question 4

For T cells, _______ selection occurs in the thymic cortex

Answer 4

Positive

Question 5

The binding of ____ to its ligand downregulates the immune response against tumor cells by inhibiting _____ T cells. Many cancers evade the immune system by upregulating this

Answer 5

PD-1, cytotoxic

Question 6

AIDS dementia can be associated with ______ from significant cortical atrophy, which allows the ventricles to expand while maintaining normal pressure

Answer 6

hydrocephalus ex-vacuo

Question 7

Il-___ induces the production of acute phase reactants

Answer 7

IL-6

-which can lead to high levels of fibrinogen—> inc ESR

Question 8

HOX gene complex is critical for _______

Answer 8

craniocaudal positioning of the limbs

Question 9

Acute cellular rejection most often occurs within weeks of transplantation due to sensitization of ____ T lymphocytes against ______ MHC antigens. Typically see mononuclear infiltrate. Prevent with what drugs?

Answer 9

host, donor, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)

Question 10

_____ T cell sensitization against ____ MHC antigens is seen in graft v.s host disease in which the host lacks competent ___ lymphocytes. ______ T lymphocytes attack ______ antigens that are recognized as foreign

Answer 10

Graft, host, T, graft, host

Question 11

Preformed antibodies against graft ABO antigens cause ________ graft rejection

Answer 11

hyper acute, why we blood match donors

Question 12

Which three cytokines are critical for maintaining granulomas

Answer 12

IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNFalpha

Question 13

_____ is a major mediator in septic shock

Answer 13

TNF alpha

Question 14

4 Factors that increase plasma renin:

Answer 14

low sodium intake, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin 2 blockers

Question 15

Sjogren’s syndrome has anti____ antibodies

Answer 15

anti-SSA/SSB=antiRo

Question 16

IL-8 signals what molecules and helps form pus

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is from an absence in _____ which leads to persistent leukocytosis

Answer 17

CD18, recurrent skin and mucosal infections without purulence (makes pus)

Question 18

_______ is characterized by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, eczema. It is a defect in?

Answer 18

Wiskot Aldrich, cytoskeleton rearrangement

Question 19

Deficiency of complement makes you more susceptible to what organisms

Answer 19

neisseria

Question 20

Cachexia is mediated by what cytokine?

Answer 20

TNF-alpha

Question 21

Granulomas in TB are mediated by which T cells

Answer 21

CD4+ to activate macrophages

Question 22

What does Th1 do

Answer 22

Th1secretes INF-gamma, IL-2 to stimulate CD8+ cells

Question 23

What does Th2 do

Answer 23

Th2 secrets IL-4 (activates IgE), IL5( activates eosinophils)

Question 24

Chronic granulomatous disease results in a defect in producing ________ which leads to inc risk of infection of _______ positive organisms

Answer 24

NADPH oxidase, catalase

-Staph aureus, Noricardia, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Brukholderia cepacia

Question 25

What 4 factors stimulate neutrophils

Answer 25

Leukotriene B4, 5-HETE, IL-8, C5a

Question 26

nasal mucosal ulcerations are a problem in __________. Have antibodies to __________. __ ANCA is positive

Answer 26

wegener's (granulotomasis with polyangitis), neutrophils, c-ANCA

Question 27

Someone with aslpenia is at inc risk for encapsulated organisms. Why?

Answer 27

spleen deals with systemic bacteria clearance

Question 28

Poluysaccaride capsule vaccine provides a ___ cell response and conjugating with a toxoid protein creates and ___ and ___ cell response

Answer 28

capsule: only B cell conjugated: B and T cell

Question 29

______ is an essential protein in the activation of IL-2 which promotes the growth and differentiation of T cells. Which two drugs block this

Answer 29

calcineurin | -cyclosporine, tacrolimus

Question 30

Anaphylaxis leads to release of ____ and _____ cell degranulation and release of _______

Answer 30

mast, basophil, histamine and tryptase (mast cells)

Question 31

high affinity IgE receptor binding depends on ________

Answer 31

receptor aggregation

Question 32

Hyperacute rejection of an organ is ______ mediated and is a type ____ HSN reaction

Answer 32

antibody, 2 - preformed IgG antibodies - anti-ABO and anti-HLA

Question 33

immediate hypersensitivity =type ___ HSN

Answer 33

1, think IgE and histamine

Question 34

acute cellular rejection with lymphocytic interstitial infiltrate and endothelitis is ___ cell mediated

Answer 34

T cell

Question 35

acute cellular rejection with neutrophilic infiltrate and necrotizing vasculitis is ___ cell mediated

Answer 35

B cell

Question 36

Which cytokine mediates fever

Answer 36

IL-1

Question 37

Which cytokine stimulates bone marrow

Answer 37

IL-3

Question 38

What does IL-12 do

Answer 38

differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells and activates NK cells

Question 39

Il-2 stimulates ____ cells

Answer 39

T cells Hot-T-bone-stEAK (1) (2)(3) (4)(5)(6)

Question 40

graft v host disease can happen in __________ and ________ transplants

Answer 40

bone marrow, liver(organs rich in lymphocytes), skin, GI involvement

Question 41

_____________ is the most common immunodeficiency and presents with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, GI infections, autoimmune disease, anaphylaxis during blood transfusions

Answer 41

IgA deficiency

Question 42

interferon alpha and beta are produced by most human cells in response to ________. They help suppress viruses by ________

Answer 42

viral infections, halting protein synthesis in infected cells and promoting apoptosis

Question 43

________ occurs when host proteins such as immunoglobulins or complement ind to foreign cells such as bacteria and coat the surface, enhancing phagocytosis. What are the two most important opsonins

Answer 43

IgG and C3b

Question 44

IgA deficiency presents with _______ during blood transfusions

Answer 44

anaphylaxis

Question 45

IgG has ___ gamma chains and ___ light chains, IgA has _____ alpha chains and _____ light chains, IgM has _____ mu chains and is a pentamer

Answer 45

2 and 2,2 and 4, 2

Question 46

Differences between sirolimus and cyclosporine and tacrolimus

Answer 46

all inhibit IL-2 h/e sirolimus blocks mTOR and is less nephortoxic - tacrolimus blocks FK506 and is nephrotoxic - cyclosporine blocks cyclophillin and is nephrotoxic

Question 47

Sjorjen's syndrome presents with _______ gland enlargement . Remember RA can coexist with other autoimmune disease. What antibodies

Answer 47

parotid | -anti SSA(Ro) and SSB (La)

Question 48

Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with anti ______ antibodies

Answer 48

antimicrosomal antibodies

Question 49

serum sickness is a type _____ hypersensitivity

Answer 49

3 (immune complex deposition)

Question 50

antibody rich secreting plasma cells are rich in what aspect of the cell

Answer 50

rough ER because this is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins

Question 51

Drug eluting stents that contain sirolimus reduce __________ because this drug blocks ________

Answer 51

intimal hyperplasia, mTOR (blocks cycle between G1-->S phase)

Question 52

If lack an IgG response-->

Answer 52

problems with antigen presentation

Question 53

Within the dendritic cell, what protein must be degraded before the endocytose antigen is loaded onto the MHC molecule

Answer 53

the invariant chain, this in on the dendritic cell when it is in the ER (this prevents it from binding antigenic peptides within the ER)

Question 54

What inhibits C3 and C5 convertase

Answer 54

decay accelerating factor (DAF)

Question 55

What two things prevent inappropriate complement activation

Answer 55

DAF and C1 esterase inhibitor

Question 56

What are 3 complement factors associated with anaphylaxis

Answer 56

C3a,4a,5a

Question 57

What are two primary opsonins of bacteria?

Answer 57

C3b and IgG

Question 58

C1 esterase deficiency leads to dec ____ levels in the blood

Answer 58

C4

Question 59

Goodpastures is a type ____ HSN reaction

Answer 59

2

Question 60

contact dermatitis is a type ____ HSN reaction

Answer 60

4

Question 61

erythema multiforme is a type _____ reaction

Answer 61

4

Question 62

IgG, IgE, IgA, IgE levels is WAS

Answer 62

dec to norm (IgG, IgM), inc IgE and IgA