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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name at least 4 reasons why there has been emergence of new infectious disease

A

Global Village - increased mobility means infection can spread
Population Growth
Changes in Human Behaviour
Changes in Dynamics of Other Infection - Increased HIV has led to increased TB
Loss of natural habitat
Interactions of Pathogens with Humans

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2
Q

Example of Changes in Dynamic of Infections - HIV has led to increased prevalence of …

A

TB

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3
Q

Name Three Barriers to Infection

A

Skin
Mucous
Commensal Bacteria

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4
Q

The Innate Immune System has a _____ and _____ response to pathogens

A

Rapid, General

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5
Q

Name 4 Components of the Innate Immune System

A

Mast Cells
NK Cells
Phagocytes
Complement

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6
Q

The Innate Immune System is responsible for ……

A

Acute Inflammation

Killing of Pathogens

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7
Q

True/False

Pathogens Express PRRs on their surface.

A

False - they express PAMPs,

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8
Q

The Adaptive Immune System has a _____ and ______ response to pathogens

A

Slow, Specific

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9
Q

True/False

The Adaptive Immune System expresses antigen:antigen receptors that generate immunological memory

A

True

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10
Q

3 Types of Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells

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11
Q

3 Types of Lymphocyte

A

T Cells
B Cells
NK Cells

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12
Q

What is the role of Eosinophils, Mast Cells and Basophils

A

They are GRANULAR cells that release chemicals for acute inflammation

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13
Q

When are antibodies produced

A

In response to an antigen

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14
Q

Where do Mast Cells reside and what do they protect

A

In tissues to protect mucosal surfaces

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15
Q

How do Mast Cells cause Acute Inflammation

A

They DEGRANULATE and release Histamine and other pro-inflammatory mediators

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16
Q

What Pro-Inflammatory Mediators do Mast Cells Produce

A

Nitric Oxide
Histamines
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (TNF-a)

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17
Q

True/ False

Neutrophils circulate in tissues

A

False,

They circulate in the blood

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18
Q

Neutrophils are short/long lived

A

Short

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19
Q

Neutrophils recognise _____ on pathogens

A

PAMPs

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20
Q

3 killing mechanisms of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Extracellular Traps
Degranulation (Release of Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteases)

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21
Q

Dead Neutrophils form ….

A

PUS

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22
Q

True/ False

Monocytes are precursors for Neutrophils

A

FALSE

They are precursors for MACROPHAGES and dendritic cells

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23
Q

Macrophages reside in …..

A

Tissues

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24
Q

What do macrophages do??

A

Ingest and kill pathogens
Clear debris from dead tissue cells
Antigen Presentation

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25
What is a Dendritic Cells main job?
Antigen presentation
26
Once in contact with an antigen where does a dendritic cell migrate to
Migrates to secondary lymphoid tissue (spleen/ lymph nodes) from peripheral tissues
27
True/ False | Natural Killer Cells non specifically kill cells
FALSE | Specifically kill tumour and virally infected cells
28
Where do T and B Cells circulate?
Blood, Lymph and Secondary Lymph Tissue
29
What do B Cells produce
Antibodies
30
What is the main job of a Helper T Cell
Regulation of the Immune System
31
CD4+ is a Helper/ Cytotoxic T Cell?
Helper
32
What is the main job of a Cytotoxic T Cell
Kill virally infected cells
33
CD8+ is a Helper/ Cytotoxic T Cell?
Cytotoxic T Cell
34
Primary Lymphoid Tissue is the site of .....
Leukocyte (WBC) development
35
Primary Lymphoid Tissue includes
Bone Marrow, Thymus
36
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue is the site of .....
T and B cell activation
37
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue includes
Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Peyers Patches
38
What are the mechanisms of contact in the Immune System??
Direct (ligand-ligand) | Indirect (cytokines)
39
When are Cytokines produced??
In response to infection, inflammation and tissue damage
40
Examples of Cytokines
Interferons Interleukins TNF Chemokines
41
Interferons are released in response to?
Pathogens (Mainly ANTI VIRAL)
42
TNF is mainly involved in....
Inflammation
43
What Cytokine controls and directs cell migration?
Chemokines
44
What are the local effects of Acute Inflammation?
Redness, Heat Swelling Pain Loss of Function
45
What are the three stages in the Innate Immune Response?
Recognition Phase (PRRs, PAMPs) Activation Phase Effector Phase
46
What is the Acute Phase Response?
Production of Acute Phase Proteins by the LIVER in response to Pro-Inflammatory cytokines
47
True/ False | Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an active form
Fasle, They circulate in an inactive form
48
Activation of the complement system involves which three pathways?
Classical Pathway Lectin Pathway Alternative Pathway
49
Functions of the complement system?
Membrane Attack Complex (MHC) Opsonisation Inflammation
50
What is the Membrane Attack Complex?
Complement mediated lysis, complement killing
51
What complement protein causes initiation of the Membrane Attack Complex??
C5b
52
What complement proteins inmate inflammation and chemotaxis?
C3a and C5a
53
How are B cells activated?
Antigen to Antigen presentation. | PPRs recognising PAMPs
54
How are T cells activated?
MHC binding to T cell receptor (T cells cannot bind to free antigens)
55
How are antibodies produced?
B cells differentiate to become Plasma cells in response to an antigen. The plasma cells produce antibodies
56
List the five types of antibody relative to their abundance in the blood
GAMED
57
What are the two antibodies mothers give to their children?
IgG and IgA
58
Main function of IgG
Transported across the placenta to the developing foetus
59
Main function of IgA
Secretory - found in breast milk, saliva, tears | Provides defence at mucosal surfaces
60
Main function of IgM
First Ig produced during infection
61
Main function of IgE
Activates Mast Cells | Produces in allergic responses
62
What is the dual function of antibodies?
Recognition function - binding to antigen | Effector function
63
What is Agglutination??
Binding of antibodies on to pathogens forming clusters that can be destroyed
64
What is the main antibody that mediates agglutination??
IgM (and IgG)
65
What is opsonisation?
Coating of a pathogen so it can be phagocytosed
66
What two cell types can B cells become once activated?
Plasma cells - produce antibodies | Memory B cells - immunological memory

Easy Peasy Principles (4 decks)

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