Pharmacology

Question 1

What is Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

What a drug does to the BODY

Question 2

What is Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What your BODY does to a DRUG

Question 3

What is an agonist?

Answer 3

Drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response.
E.g - Adrenaline to B1 receptors in the heart

Question 4

What is affinity?

Answer 4

The strength of association between ligand and receptor

Question 5

What is efficacy?

Answer 5

The ability of an agonist to produce a response

Question 6

What is an antagonist?

Answer 6

Drug that blocks the binding of an agonist

Question 7

True/ False.

An antagonist possess affinity and efficacy

Answer 7

False

Possess affinity but NOT efficacy

Question 8

A competitive antagonist binds to the same/different site as an agonist

Answer 8

Same

Question 9

A non-competitive antagonist binds to the ______ site

Answer 9

Allosteric

Question 10

Ligand Gated Ion Channels are made of ________ subunits

Answer 10

Glycoprotein

Question 11

Ligand Gated Ion Channels allow for rapid/slow movement of ions

Answer 11

Rapid

Question 12

How many times does a G Protein Coupled Receptor span a membrane?

Answer 12

7

Question 13

How many polypeptide subunits is a G protein made up of?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

Describe the mechanism of action of G-protein

Answer 14

Receptor binds to GPCR, G-protein couples with receptor and GDP dissociates to form GTP, G protein dissociated into alpha and By subunits and alpha subunit combines with effector producing a cellular response

Question 15

Gs alpha subunit activates/deactivates adenylyl cyclase to activate the cAMP pathway

Answer 15

Activates

Question 16

cAMP activates _____

Answer 16

Protein Kinase A

Question 17

What are the 4 fates of drugs in the body

Answer 17

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 18

Absorption is ….

Answer 18

Process by which a drug enters the body

Question 19

Distribution is ….

Answer 19

Transfer of drug from systemic circulation to tissues

Question 20

Metabolism is ….

Answer 20

Polarisation of drugs (mainly by liver) to be prepared for excretion

Question 21

Excretion

Answer 21

Removal of drugs from the body

Question 22

Name the 4 factors affecting drug absorption

Answer 22

Solubility
Chemical Stability
Lipid to water partition coefficient
Degree of ionisation

Question 23

Solubility is …..

Answer 23

How well a drug dissolves

Question 24

Chemical Stability is ….

Answer 24

Structural integrity of the drug (may be destroyed by stomach acid)

Question 25

Lipid to water partition coefficient is ....

Answer 25

Rate of diffusion of the drug increases with the rate of solubility i.e more soluble = more diffusion

Question 26

Degree of ionisation refers to ....

Answer 26

The fact that only unionised drugs can pass the lipid bilayer

Question 27

pKa is ....

Answer 27

pH at which 50% of the drug is ionised and 50% is unionised

Question 28

Oral availability is ....

Answer 28

the fraction of drug that reaches the systemic circulation after oral ingestion

Question 29

Enteral routes of administration

Answer 29

Oral Sublingual (under tongue) Rectal (up the pooper shooter)

Question 30

Parenteral routes of administration (6)

Answer 30

``` Intravenously (IV) Intramuscular (IM) Subcutaneous (SC) Inhalation (Inh) Transdermal Topical ```

Question 31

True/ False | Drugs are evenly distributed over the body?

Answer 31

False

Question 32

What is the volume of distribution (Vd)

Answer 32

Volume at which a drug is dissolved (Vd)

Question 33

What is MEC

Answer 33

Minimum Effective Concentration - | Minimum concentration for a drug to be effective

Question 34

What is MTC

Answer 34

Maximum Toxic Concentration - | Maximum concentrado before unwanted side effects

Question 35

How would you calculate the therapeutic ratio

Answer 35

MTC/MEC

Question 36

What drug has a narrow therapeutic ratio

Answer 36

Cardiac glycosides e.g Digoxin

Question 37

Describe first order kinetics

Answer 37

Rate of elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration

Question 38

True/ false | If clearance is high then not much of the drug is lost in the urine

Answer 38

False | If rate of elimination is high then a lot of the drug is lost in the urine

Question 39

Rate of elimination = Clearance X ______ _____

Answer 39

Plasma volume

Question 40

Steady state means

Answer 40

Drug absorbed = rate of elimination

Question 41

Steady state of concentration is usually achieved after _ half lives

Answer 41

5

Question 42

At what rate are drugs eliminated at in ZERO order kinetics

Answer 42

Constant rate (drug elimination not proportional to concentration)

Question 43

What does drug metabolism do?

Answer 43

Makes drugs polar (less active)

Question 44

Where does most drug metabolism occur?

Answer 44

The liver

Question 45

What happens in phase 2 of drug metabolism by the liver?

Answer 45

Conjugation (increasing polarity) and addition of an endogenous compound

Question 46

Drugs that pass first pass metabolism are excreted quicker/slower than the parent compound

Answer 46

Quicker

Question 47

How are most drugs filtered

Answer 47

Glomerular filtration

Question 48

True/ false | Drugs bound to proteins cannot easily be filtered by glomerular filtration

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What are the two systems of active tubular secretion?

Answer 49

Organic anion transporter (acids) | Organic cation transporter (bases)

Question 50

What can active tubular secretion do that glomerular filtration cannot?

Answer 50

Secrete drugs that are protein bound

Question 51

What percentage of water filtered by glomerular filtration is reabsorbed?

Answer 51

99%

Question 52

Name the 4 factors that facilitate reabsorption

Answer 52

Lipid solubility (more soluble more reabsorption) Polarity (more polar less secretion) Urinary flow rate (more pee more secretion less reabsorption) Urinary pH (alkaline-secretion of acid, acid-secretion of bases)