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Pathology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2 and M

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2
Q

What is the order of CDKs in the cell cycle

A

D, E, A, B

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3
Q

What does retinoblastoma do?

A

Binds to E2f to stop cell division

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4
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA replication

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5
Q

At what stages can p53 cause cell arrest

A

G1/S - Main site

G2/M

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6
Q

What does p53 cause if cell is faulty

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number in response to a stimulus

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8
Q

Example of physiological hyperplasia

A

Puberty - Breast tissue

Pregnancy - Hyperplasia of lining of uterus

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9
Q

Example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Prostatic hyperplasia
Bleeding post menopause
Lymph node in response to infection

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10
Q

True/ False.

Hyperplastic tissue is at risk of developing into cancer?

A

True

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11
Q

Pathological hypertrophy?

A

In the heart - can result in heart failure

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12
Q

Atrophy is?

A

Reduction in cell size or number

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13
Q

Physiological atrophy?

A

Embryological structures - uterus

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14
Q

Pathological atrophy?

A

Muscle wasting

Loss of blood supply

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15
Q

Name the 5 clinical features of inflammation

A

Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Tumour (swelling), Loss of function

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16
Q

Mediators of inflammation are short/long lived

A

Short

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17
Q

Name the 4 consequences of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration (pus)
Repair, Organisation and Fibrosis
Chronic Inflammation

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18
Q

What do consequences of inflammation depend on?

A

Site
Type
Duration

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19
Q

What does pus contain

A

Neutrophils, bacteria and cellular debris

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20
Q

What is deposited in granulation tissue?

A

Collagen and smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

What cells are present in chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

T cells, B cells and NK cells

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22
Q

What happens when a cell can’t get enough oxygen?

A

Increased K+ and Ca2+ causes swelling.

Ca2+ activates ATPase causing a cascade and resulting in cell damage

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23
Q

What is the time period of an MI where resolution can occur?

A

< 20 minutes

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24
Q

When is the risk of cardiac rupture highest after an MI?

A

3-7 days

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25
Fibroblasts lay down collagen progressively after ___ weeks and is complete at ____ weeks
2, 6
26
Atrophy is...
Reduction in cell size and number
27
True/ False | Necrosis can be physiological and pathological?
False | Always pathological
28
What happens in Coagulative necrosis
Cell outline is preserved and dead cells are consumed. Tombstone appearance. Cardiac muscle
29
Liquefactive necrosis
Liquid viscous mass, no cell structure remains | Brain necrosis
30
Caseous necrosis
Granulomatous inflammation with central necrosis | TB
31
Physiological apoptosis
Formation of feet and hands in utero
32
Pathological apoptosis
In response to injury, radiation, chemo, viruses, cancer
33
What are the two mechanisms of necrosis?
Extrinsic (TNF) and Intrinsic (p53)
34
What is neoplasia??
Abnormal cell growth that is NOT in response to a stimulus
35
What is a tumour?
A swelling
36
Dysplasia
Disordered cell growth NOT in response to a stimulus
37
What makes a tumour malignant?
If it goes beyond the basement membrane and metastases
38
Metaplasia is
Reversible change from one cell type to another
39
Carcinoma in Situ is _____ that affects the __ ____
dysplasia, whole epithelium
40
True/ False | Metaplastic epithelium is at risk of malignancy?
True
41
What is the two hit hypothesis?
One working gene is enough to function. Two faulty copies to have a functional problem. Those who have inherited one faulty copy already are at increased risk.
42
Name two viruses that increase your risk of cancers?
HPV - Cervical cancer | Epstein Barr - several tumours
43
What are common mutations that cause sustained growth signalling?
Myc - promotes growth | P13K - commonly mutated kinase
44
Name an anti-apoptotic molecule
Blc-2
45
Name a molecule associated with angiogenesis
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor
46
What cancers does BRCA increase the risk of
Breast, ovarian and pancreatic
47
What syndrome is MLH1 abnormal in
Lynch
48
What cancer can Lynch syndrome cause
Colorectal (HNPCC)
49
What helps in evasion of the immune system
Programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1)
50
Cancer cells are all the same | True/ False
False | All from one cell but are different
51
Name features of benign tumours?
No necrosis Homogenous/ Symmetrical NC ratio - normal
52
Name some features of malignant tumours?
Necoris Heterogenous/ pleomorphic NC ratio - Increased
53
Malignant neoplasm of the epithelium
Carcinoma
54
Benign squamous neoplasia
Papilloma
55
Mesenchyme tumours are ...
Tumours of connective tissue
56
Malignant lesions of connective tissue are called?
Sarcomas
57
Lipo- means
Tumour of fat cells
58
Osteo-
Tumour of the bone
59
Chondro-
Tumour of cartilage
60
Leiomy-
Smooth muscle
61
Gliomas
CNS
62
True/ False | Melanoma is a benign tumour
FALSE | Only -oma tumour that is malignant
63
All tumours in the blood are malignant | True/ False
True
64
Weight loss in cancer is known as
Cachexia
65
Why do patients that have cancer lose weight?
Tumour uses energy for growth and secretes cytokines that result in increased metabolism
66
What are paraneoplastic symptoms
Symptoms that are not directly related to the tumour but instead the hormones produced by the tumour

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