immunology

Question 1

list the PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

Answer 1

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Question 2

list the 3 key functional features of the immune system

Answer 2

discrimination: self vs nonself
memory
specificity: discern between different foreign antigens

Question 3

innate vs adaptive cells and discrimination

result of ineffective discrimination?

Answer 3

innate system: discrimination is germline encoded, they are created already able to discriminate between self and nonself
adaptive: learn discrimination early in maturation
if body can no longer discriminate this is called autoimmunity

Question 4

neutrophil mechanism of phagocytosis

Answer 4

PRR (pattern recognition receptor) identify PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns), nutrophils express receptors for many bacterial and fungal constituents (LPS receptor, mannose receptor, N-formyl-Met receptor, CR3, scavenger receptor, glycan receptor, CR4 receptor). the neutrophils bind bacteria, engulf them and destroy them with the toxic contents of the neutrophil granules

Question 5

TLR1 antigen

Answer 5

Lipopeptides

Question 6

TLR2 antigen

Answer 6

gram positive (peptidoglycan), lipoteichoic acid, glycolipids, zymosan (fungi)

Question 7

TLR3 antigen

Answer 7

double stranded viral RNA

Question 8

TLR4 antigen

Answer 8

LPS, gram negative, heme

Question 9

TLR5 antigen

Answer 9

flagellated bacteria (flagellin

Question 10

TLR7 and TLR8 antigen

Answer 10

single stranded viral RNAs

Question 11

TLR9 antigen

Answer 11

unmethylated CpG-rich DNA (bacteria, virus DNA)

Question 12

mecahnism of TLR activation

Answer 12

TLR activation –> IFN-alpha and IFN-beta release–> induce resitance to viral replication in all cells, increased expression of ligands for receptors on NK cells, activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Question 13

TNF-alpha function

Answer 13

activates macrophages, increase vascular permeability

Question 14

interferons function

Answer 14

block spread of viruses to uninfected cells, increase MHC class I, activates NK cells

Question 15

endogenous pyrogens

Answer 15

increase the thermoregulatory set point in hypothalamus

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

Question 16

PNM vs Mononuclear cells in inflammation

Answer 16

PMN: immediate responders, actively phagocytic, short lived (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
mononuclear cells: include monocytes and macrophages, remove tissue debris including PMN after they die

Question 17

lifespan of sickle cells

Answer 17

20 days or less

Question 18

complement is part of which branch of the immune system? adaptive or innate?

Answer 18

innate

Question 19

define infection

Answer 19

inflammatory process caused by disease-producing organisms

Question 20

define pathogenic organism

Answer 20

capable of producing disease

Question 21

define virulence

Answer 21

measure of severity of disease

Question 22

how do antigens become concentrated in lymph nodes

Answer 22

migration of activated antigen presenting cells (APCs)

lymph drainage carries antigen to LN

Question 23

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 23

bone marrow and thymus

Question 24

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 24

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix, GALT, MALT

Question 25

where does lymphatic system empty

Answer 25

superior vena cava

Question 26

immunoglobulins

Answer 26

(Ig's) expressed on B cells Ig receptor is on the BCR which binds antigens antibodies are immunoglobulins and are secreted by b cells

Question 27

structure of antibody (chains and regions)

Answer 27

heavy chain and light chain each have a variable region: antigen binding domains "Fab" that are specific to the Ig each also has a constant region: define the Ig isotype "Fc"

Question 28

when, where, and how do antigen-binding sites become so variable

Answer 28

when developing in the bone marrow, Bcell's immunoglobulin genes are rearranged; this step is essential for Bcell development

Question 29

IgA function

Answer 29

mucosal immunity, neonatal passive

Question 30

IgD function

Answer 30

receptor- naive Bcells

Question 31

IgE function

Answer 31

immediate hypersensitivity | parasite immunity

Question 32

IgG function

Answer 32

opsonization, ADCC, neutralization, Complement activation,

Question 33

IgM function

Answer 33

receptor- naive B cells | complement activation

Question 34

list effector functions of antibodies

Answer 34

neutralization: blocks antigen ability of binding to cell surface receptors and being endocytoced opsonization: coating antigen, increaseing efficiency of phagocytosis via Fc receptors on phagocytic cells antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: increaseefficiency of NK cell-mediated lysis of target cell and IgE mediated helmenth destruction by eosinophils complement activation

Question 35

where does complement take place

Answer 35

ECF

Question 36

3 outcomes of complement

Answer 36

recruitment of inflammatory cells: C3a, C5a opsonization of pathogens: C3b binds to complement receptors on phagocytes --> opsonization of pathogen, removes immune complexes killing pathogens: terminal complement components (C5b, C6-9) created membrane attack complex which lyses the pathogens and cells

Question 37

describe immune complex clearance via C3b

Answer 37

C3b binds immune complexes in circulation, CR1 receptors on erythrocytes binds the immune complexes via the C3b, spleen and liver remove complexes from the erythrocyte surface

Question 38

how can immune complex clearance become abnormal

Answer 38

complexes can evade phagocytiv cells due to differences in size, shape, charge, hemodynamic factors phagocytic cells are unable to clear bc of overwhelming numbers or dysfunctional mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 39

where do immune complexes most often get deposited

Answer 39

filtration sites

Question 40

steps in immune complex disease

Answer 40

1. complex build up and deposition 2. complement fixation 3. recruit inflammatory cells 4. vascular permeability 5. tissue damage 6. inflammation

Question 41

what deposits are found in acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 41

granular deposits of IgG and C3b on the GBM

Question 42

what is at abnormally low levels in acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 42

C3, C1

Question 43

what causes the decreased GFR in acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 43

proliferation of cells within the glomeruli, extracellular matrix and GBM are thickened