Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology - applied > Immunology and blood disorders > Flashcards

Immunology and blood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main types of immune system disorders?

A

Primary immune deficiency, acquired immune deficiency, anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is primary immune deficiency?

A

Being born with a weak immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is acquired immune deficiency?

A

Getting a disease that weakens your immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Having an immune system that is too active (allergic reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Having an immune system that turns against you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is SCID?

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells
Involves defective antibody response due to direct involvement with B-lymphocytes or B-lymphocyte activation due to non-functional T-helper cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes SCID?

A

Numerous genetic mutations - at least 9 different known genes in which mutations can lead to a form of SCID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of immune disease is SCID?

A

Primary immune deficiency - most severe form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is SCID diagnosed?

A

Early infancy - babies are partly protected by antibodies passed from the mother so babies may seem well at first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of SCID and when do they occur?

A

Repeated infections, poor weight gain, feeding problems
Low lymphocyte count in the blood
First signs usually occur within 3-6 months after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the different treatments for SCID?

A

Bone marrow transplant (stem cell transplant) - most effective
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy
Blood, platelet or plasma transfusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a bone marrow transplant involve?

A

Receiving healthy stem cells from a matched donor - usually a healthy sibling
The new cells then rebuild the immune system of an infant with SCID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes temporary acquired immune deficiencies?

A

Certain medicines - chemotherapy and other drugs for cancer/immunosuppressants following organ transplants
Infections like the flu
Smoking, alcohol, poor nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus - attacks the body’s immune system
If not treated, can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV within 2-4 weeks after infection?

A

Flu-like symptoms (acute HIV infection)
May last for a few days or several weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does HIV attack the immune system?

A

HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells (T cells)
A CD4 count is used to check the health of the immune system in people infected with HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens if HIV is not treated?

A

Progresses through the 3 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 stages of HIV?

A

Acute (stage 1)
Chronic (stage 2)
AIDS (stage 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during stage 1 HIV?

A

HIV multiplies rapidly and spreads throughout the body - HIV concentration is high and the individual is very contagious
Virus attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system, causing flu-like symptoms - natural response to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can acute HIV be diagnosed?

A

Antigen/antibody tests or nucleic acid tests can diagnose acute infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during stage 2 HIV?

A

HIV continues to multiply in the body but at very low levels
May not have any HIV-related symptoms
Can transmit HIV at this stage
AT the end of this stage, the amount of HIV in the blood goes up and the CD4 cell count goes down - may have symptoms at this point
HIV medicine can prevent stage 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during stage 3 HIV?

A

HIV has severely damaged the immune system, the body cannot fight off opportunistic infections
Diagnosed with AIDS if they have a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 or if they have certain opportunistic infections
Have a high viral load and are able to transmit HIV to others very easily

23
Q

How long do people usually survive with AIDS without treatment?

A

About 3 years

24
Q

What is HIV treated with?

A

Antiretroviral medicines, which work by stopping the virus replicating in the body - aims to reduce the viral load to an undetectable level
This allows the immune system to repair itself and prevent further damage

25
Q

How does Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) work?

A

Initiated with a combination of 2 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and wither an integrate inhibitor (INI), a non-nuc;rotifer reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), orr a boosted protease inhibitor (PI).
People with HIV who maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV to their HIV-negative partners through sex

26
Q

How does social stigma lead to sickness with HIV and AIDS?

A

A cyclical relationship between stigma and HIV means that people who experience stigma and discrimination are marginalised and made more vulnerable
Stigma pushes people to the margins of society where poverty and fear make accessing healthcare and HIV services very difficult

27
Q

What is an overactive immune system and what causes it?

A

The immune system may react to substances (allergens) in the environment that are normally harmless - allergic reaction is the most common example (eg.g asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis)

28
Q

What are the 3 most common autoimmune diseases?

A

Type 1 diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lupus

29
Q

What happens with type 1 diabetes?

A

The immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin (Insulin removes sugar from the blood to use as energy)

30
Q

What happens with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Causes swelling and deformities of the joints
An auto-antibody called rheumatoid factor is in the blood of some people with rheumatoid arthritis

31
Q

What happens with lupus?

A

Disease that attacks body tissues, including the lungs, kidneys and skin
Many types of auto-antibodies are found in the blood

32
Q

What is RA?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints
Usually affects the hands, feet and wrists

33
Q

What is a flare in RA?

A

A period where symptoms become worse
Can be difficult to predict but with treatment its possible to decrease the number of flares and minimise or prevent long-term damage to the joints

34
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Joint pain
Stiffness
The lining of joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis become inflamed, which can cause the joints to swell and become hot and tender to touch

35
Q

What are the treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Treatment aimed at reducing inflammation in the joints, relieve pain, prevent and slow down joint damage
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
E.g. methotrexate - first line for RA, often with another DMARD and a short course of corticosteroids to relieve any pain
No cure

36
Q

What is Lupus?

A

A disease that occurs when the immune system attacks the tissues and organs
Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems - including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs
Some people are born with a tendency toward developing lupus

37
Q

What are some examples of blood disorders?

A

Anaemia
Haemophilia
Leucocytosis
Polycythaemia vera
Sickle cell disease
Thalassemia
Von Willebrand disease

38
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Blood disorder that occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body’s organs

39
Q

What are the common symptoms of anaemia?

A

Feeling cold, tired and weak

40
Q

What are the different types of anaemia?

A

Iron-deficiency anaemia - most common
Aplastic anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassemia
Vitamin deficiency anaemia

41
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

An inherited bleeding disorder
Occurs when blood clotting factors are faulty or missing
Bleeding can happen internally or externally

42
Q

What are the two main types of inherited haemophilia?

A

Type A (classic haemophilia) - most common, caused by a deficiency of factor VIII
Type B (christmas disease), caused by a deficiency of factor IX

43
Q

What causes haemophilia?

A

The genes that regulate the production of factors VIII and XI are found on the X chromosome only
Haemophilia is caused by mutations in these genes
More likely to affect males as it is sex-linked

44
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The normal response of the vessel to injury by forming a clot that serves to limit a haemorrhage

45
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

Pathological clot formation that results when haemostasis is excessively activated in the absence of bleeding (haemostasis in the wrong place)

46
Q

What are the 3 steps during haemostasis?

A

Vasoconstriction (primary haemostasis)
Platelet plug formation
Clot formation (secondary haemostasis)

47
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

3 factors needed for a thrombosis:
Hypercoagulability
Haemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence)
Endothelial injurty dysfunction

48
Q

What is an embolus?

A

An unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages
(from the greek meaning ‘wedge’)
When an embolus occludes a blood vessel = embolism

49
Q

What is the primary cause of heart attacks and strokes?

A

Thrombosis
(formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel)

50
Q

What are the nursing considerations related to thrombosis?

A

Risk assessment using Wells score
Inter-professional teamwork
Mechanical DVT prophylaxis - anti-embolism stockings that provide graduated compression and produce a calf pressure of 14-15 mmHg, and intermittent pneumatic compression
Pharmacological DVT prophylaxis - LMWH (cleaning, deltaparin)

51
Q

What is Sickle Cell Disease?

A

Disease that results in an abnormality in the haemoglobin found in red blood cells - leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape red blood cell
Most common type - sickle cell anaemia

52
Q

What causes Sickle Cell disease?

A

Occurs when a person inherits 2 abnormal copies of the ß-globin gene that makes haemoglobin

53
Q

What is Sickle Cell Crisis?

A

An episode of pain - one of the most common symptoms
Occurs when the blood vessels to part of the body become blocked
Pain can be severe and lasts for up to 7 days on average
Often affects a particular part of the body such as the hands or feet, ribs and breastbone, spine, pelvis, abdomen, legs and arms

Anatomy and Physiology - applied (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions