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Anatomy and Physiology - applied > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the somatic nervous system for?

A

Conscious control, breathing, motor, etc

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2
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system for?

A

Regulates involuntary physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion and sexual arousal

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3
Q

What is the autonomic system divided into?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (return to normal baseline/rest and digest)

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Constricts pupil
Stimulates salivation
Slows heart rate
Constricts bronchi
Stimulates digestion
Causes bladder to contract

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5
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Dilates pupil
Inhibits salivation
Increases heart rate
Dilates bronchi
Inhibits digestion
Inhibits contraction of bladder

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6
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Branch of the ANS which operates completely separately to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Controls gut and gut functions
Communicates through neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine - control blood flow into the stomach and bowels

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7
Q

What do the nerves at C1-C3 control?

A

Neck muscles

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8
Q

What do the nerves at C4 control?

A

Diaphragm

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9
Q

What do the nerves at C5 control?

A

Deltoid (shoulder)

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10
Q

What do the nerves at C6 control?

A

Wrist

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11
Q

What do the nerves at C7 control?

A

Triceps

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12
Q

What do the nerves at C7-C8 control?

A

Fingers

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13
Q

What do the nerves at T1 control?

A

Hand

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14
Q

What do the nerves at T2-T12 control?

A

Intercostals (trunk)

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15
Q

What do the nerves at T7-L1 control?

A

Abdominals

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16
Q

What do the nerves at T11-L2 control?

A

Ejaculation

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17
Q

What do the nerves at L2 control?

A

Hips

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18
Q

What do the nerves at L3 control?

A

Quadriceps

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19
Q

What do the nerves at L4-L5 control?

A

Hamstrings - Knee

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20
Q

What do the nerves at L4-S1 control?

A

Foot

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21
Q

What do the nerves at S2 control?

A

Penile erection

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22
Q

What do the nerves at S2-S3 control?

A

Bowel and bladder

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23
Q

How are dermatomes (map and location on skin) useful?

A

They are a good way of recognising/diagnosing if there is any damage to the spinal cord or nerve transmission
Each spinal nerve corresponds to a specific level and sensation is mapped to that level
If a patient has a sensation only above a certain area, we know what nerves are affected

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24
Q

What nerves does the cervical spine hold?

A

All the nerves that control the respiratory system and all movement

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25
What nerves does the Thoracic spine hold?
Control of core muscles and arms as well as lower limbs Respiratory control above T4
26
What nerves does the Lumbar spine hold?
Controls hips, bladder and bowels, arms, ejaculation/vaginal contraction
27
What nerves does the Sacrum control?
Erection and some bladder function
28
What are some examples of diseases that affect the CNS?
Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Epilepsy Motor Neurone disease
29
What are some examples of diseases that affect the PNS?
Diabetes Gullian-Barre
30
What does the frontal lobe of the brain control?
Personality/behaviour planning Decision making Concentration Voluntary motor functions Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
31
What does the temporal lobe of the brain control?
Understanding speech Interpretation and storage of auditory and olfactory sensations
32
What does the parietal lobe of the brain control?
Comprehension and language Sensory functions (pain, heat and other sensations) Primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
33
What does the occipital lobe of the brain control?
Primary visual cortex Processing visual information Storing visual memories
34
What does the cerebellum control?
Coordination Balance Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
35
What does the brain stem control?
Breathing Swallowing Heart rate Arousal and wakefulness
36
What does contra-lateral control?
The side of the body that will be affected by damage to the brain will be the opposite of the side of the brain where the damage is
37
What does Broca’s area control?
The muscles of the larynx, pharynx and mouth that enable us to speak
38
What does Wernicke’s area control?
Understanding of language
39
What does the hippocampus control?
Object recognition Stores meaningful words or places
40
What is a Cerebral Vascular accident (CVA)?
A stroke Interruption of blood supply to the brain, caused by a blocked or burst blood vessel Cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients causing damage to brain tissue
41
What are the 2 types of CVA?
Ischaemic Haemorrhagic
42
What is an Ischaemic stroke?
Obstruction or blockage within the Blood Vessels Thrombo/embolic stroke
43
What are some risk factors for an ischaemic stroke?
Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension Atrial Fibrillation Ischaemic heart disease/angina Peripheral vascular disease Diabetes Previous stroke/TIA Smoking Increased alcohol intake Poor diet/obesity Increased age (atherosclerosis) Oral contraceptive pill Drug misuse
44
What are some risk factors for a haemorrhagic stroke?
Chronic high blood pressure Amphetamine Amyloid angiopathy Arterial Venous malformation (AVM) Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) Bleeding disorders Anticoagulants
45
What is a subdural haematoma?
A type of haematoma associated with traumatic brain injury Blood gathers between the dura matter and the brain Usually results from tears in braiding veins which cross the subdural space - may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) which can cause compression of and damage to delicate brain tissue
46
Are subdural haematomas (SDHs) life threatening?
Often life threatening when acute Chronic SDHs have a better prognosis if properly managed
47
What is the frequency of Ischaemic CVAs/Cerebral infarctions?
84%
48
What is the frequency of Intracerebral haemorrhages?
13%
49
What is the frequency of Subarachnoid haemorrhages?
6%
50
What is the risk of recurrence of a CVA within 5 years?
30-40%
51
What are the reasons to perform a neurological assessment?
Identify the presence of nervous system dysfunction Detect life-threatening situations Establish a neurological baseline for the patient Compare data to previous assessments to determine change, trends and necessary interventions Determine the effects of nervous system dysfunction on activities of daily living and independent function Provide a database upon which nursing interventions will be implemented
52
What is the ACVPU score?
Level of consciousness Alert Confusion Voice Pain Unresponsive
53
What are the benefits of the ACVPU score?
Basic and quick assessment of neurological capacity Points to action and requires minimal training to be able to use Able to identify deterioration
54
What are the limitations of the ACVPU score?
Does not have diagnostic capacity
55
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale?
A neurological assessment that evaluates 3 key categories of behaviour that most closely reflect activity in the higher centres of the brain Enables MDT to determine whether the patient has cerebral dysfunction
56
What are the 3 categories that the GCS evaluates?
Eye opening Verbal response Motor response
57
How does the GCS work?
Within each category, each level of response is attributed a numerical value - the lower the value, the greater the neurological deterioration and resulting brain insult
58
What is a mild brain injury on the GCS?
13 or higher
59
What is a moderate brain injury on the GCS?
9-12
60
What is a severe brain injury on the GCS?
8 or less
61
What is the lowest score on the GCS?
3 - indicates that the patient is completely unresponsive
62
What is assessed during the eyes and pupillary response (E)?
Does the patient open their eyes spontaneously? If not why not? Are they unable to open eyes due to trauma/swelling? Do they open their eyes to speech? Are you speaking into their ear? Are they deaf? If you are using a pain stimuli how are you doing this? - be sensitive, do not cause harm Check pupillary response to bright light - do the pupils dilate/contract when exposed to bright light? Do they dilate when eyelids closed?
63
What are the scores for the E response of the GCS?
1 - no response (neurological dysfunction in RAS (brain stem)) 2 - response to pain (reduced function of RAS and cortex) 3 - response to speech (RAS and cortex function, motor cortex, CN3 all intact) 4 - spontaneously (RAS, thalamus and cortex function intact, CN3 intact)
64
How is the voice response assessed?
Approach patient Are they alert/orientated? Are they confused? If so how confused? Are they using inappropriate words? Is it full sentences or is it a mumbled response? If uttering confused words are they actually able to form words or are they incomprehensible sounds? If unresponsive, have you raised your voice? Are they deaf? Are you shouting into the wrong ear?

Anatomy and Physiology - applied (14 decks)

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