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Anatomy and Physiology - applied > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common form of cancer in men?

A

Prostate cancer
Over 40,000 men die of prostate cancer every year

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?

A

Frequent urination, often during the night
Needing to rush to the toilet
Difficulty in starting to urinate (hesitancy)
Straining or taking a long time urinating
Weak flow
Feeling that the bladder has not fully emptied
Blood in urine or blood in semen

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3
Q

What are the types of prostate cancer?

A

Acinar adenocarcinoma
Ductal adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell (or urothelial) cancer
Squamous cell cancer
Small cell prostate cancer

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4
Q

What is Acinar Adenocarcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinomas are cancers that develop in the gland cells that line the prostate gland - the most common type of prostate cancer
Nearly everyone with prostate cancer has this type

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5
Q

What is Ductal Adenocarcinoma?

A

Starts in the cells that line the ducts (tubes) of the prostate gland
Tends to grow and spread more quickly than acinar adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

What is transitional cell (or urothelial) cancer?

A

Starts in the cells that line the urethra - usually starts in the bladder and spreads to the prostate
Can rarely start in the prostate and may spread into the bladder entrance and nearby tissues

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7
Q

What is squamous cell cancer?

A

These cancers develop from flat cells that cover the prostate
Tend to grow and spread more quickly than adenocarcinoma of the prostate

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8
Q

What is small cell prostate cancer?

A

Small cell prostate cancer is made up of small round cells
Type of neuroendocrine cancer

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9
Q

How can prostate cancer be diagnosed?

A

PSA test - non-invasive blood test (test for prostate specific antigen released due to inflammation of the prostate)
DRE - digital rectal exam, a finger is inserted into the rectum and the surface of the prostate is examined (usually smooth so any abnormalities can be recognised)
MRI/CT - Magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography (scans that use advanced techniques to generate images of the body)

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10
Q

What is TNM staging?

A

Gives information about the tumour - if it has spread to any lymph nodes, or to another part of the body (metastasis)

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11
Q

What does T1 mean?

A

The tumour is contained in the prostate and it too small to be felt when a doctor does a DRE or to be seen on a scan
The cancer may have been diagnosed by a biopsy to check a raised PSA level or by chance after an operation to remove part of the prostate

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12
Q

What are the divisions of T2?

A

T2a
T2b
T2c

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13
Q

What does T2 mean?

A

The tumour is still contained in the prostate, but your doctor can feel it when they do a rectal examination

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14
Q

What does T2a mean?

A

The tumour is only in half of one of the two lobes of the prostate

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15
Q

What does T2b mean?

A

The tumour is in more than one half of one lobe

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16
Q

What does T2c mean?

A

The tumour is in both lobes

17
Q

What does T3 mean?

A

The tumour has spread outside the prostate and may be growing into tissues or organs close by

18
Q

What are T3 tumours divided into?

A

T3a
T3b

19
Q

What does T3a mean?

A

The tumour has spread through the capsule surrounding the prostate

20
Q

What does T3b mean?

A

The tumour has spread to the seminal vesicles that produce some of the fluid for semen

21
Q

What does T4 mean?

A

The tumour has spread into areas close by, such as the bladder or back passage (rectum), or the muscle that controls urination

22
Q

What does N0 mean?

A

There is no cancer in the lymph nodes near the prostate

23
Q

What does N1 mean?

A

There is cancer in 1 or more lymph nodes close by

24
Q

What does M0 mean?

A

The cancer has not spread to another part of the body

25
Q

What does M1 mean?

A

The cancer has spread to another part of the body so advanced prostate cancer is always M1

26
Q

What are stage 1 and 2 known as?

A

Early (localised) prostate cancer

27
Q

What is stage 3 known as?

A

Locally advanced prostate cancer

28
Q

What is stage 4 known as?

A

Advanced (metastatic) prostate cancer

29
Q

What is Cryotherapy?

A

A treatment that uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy cancer cells
Thin needles are put into the prostate and a gas is passed down to kill the cancer cells
Used to treat low/medium spread
Also called cryosurgery or cryoablation

30
Q

What is High Intensity Frequency Ultrasound (HIFU)?

A

Uses high-frequency ultrasound energy to heat and destroy cancer cells in the prostate
A beam of ultrasound energy travels into the prostate from a probe in the rectum
May require prior treatment such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy to treat/reduce prostate

31
Q

What is High Dose Brachytherapy (HDR)?

A

A type of internal radiotherapy - involves inserting thin tubes into the prostate gland, a source of radiation is then passed down the tubes into the prostate for a few minutes to destroy cancer cells
The healthy tissue nearby gets a smaller does of radiation sp is less likely to be damaged than with external beam radiotherapy

32
Q

What is hormone therapy?

A

Most prostate cancers require testosterone to grow - uses a variety of options to reduce overall testosterone levels:
Injections or implants (LHRH agonists are the most common type)
Tablets
Testicular surgery

33
Q

What is a Radical Prostatetectomy?

A

The surgical removal of the prostate either through an open incision of the abdomen and involves cutting the abdominal wall (laparotomy) or keyhole surgery (laparoscopy)

34
Q

What is Trans-Urethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)?

A

A surgery used to remove prostate tissue
Usually indicated for benign (non cancerous prostatic enlargement) but also can be utilised for small localised tumours

35
Q

What are the advantages of TURP?

A

If the cancer is completely contained inside the prostate, surgery will remove all of the cancer
The prostate is looked at under a microscope to give a clearer picture of how aggressive your cancer is, whether is has spread outside of the prostate and if further treatment is required
Good way of being able to diagnose if the whole of the cancer has been removed - after surgery, TSA level should drop to undetectable levels
Reassuring that all of the cancer has been removed

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of TURP?

A

Risks of surgery
Side effects - impotence, erection difficulties and urinary issues
Requires prolonged hospital stay
Further treatments requires if the cancer has started to spread outside the prostate
Patient will be unable to father children as they will be unable to ejaculate post op

37
Q

What are the side effects of prostate surgery?

A

Urinary incontinence
Difficulty urinating
Erection problems
Changes to penis size and shape
Changes to orgasm

38
Q

What are the nursing considerations when someone is given a prostate cancer diagnosis?

A

Writing a care plan:
Can be written using a variety of methods but the most common is problem, outcomes or evaluations and interventions
Can be in-depth or can be bullet points

Anatomy and Physiology - applied (14 decks)

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