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Immunology (block one) Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunology

A

a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects and components of the immune system in all organisms

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2
Q

what ate the three types of immune responses

A

innate immune response
adaptive immune response
immune memory

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3
Q

immune system

A

a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from infection and other harmful substances

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4
Q

the immune system

A

PREVENTS and LIMITS THE ENTRY and EFFECT OF PATHOGENS to maintain optimal health

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5
Q

what must a pathogen must do to cause disease

A
  • gain ACCESS to the body
  • ATTACH to and/or enter cells of its host
  • while in the body REPRODUCE and avoid host’s immune system
  • INDUCE harmful changes in the host
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6
Q

immunity

A

the ability of the body to ward off disease through defense mechanisms

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7
Q

Innate immunity

A

present and active from birth
quick response
non-specific very broad defense

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8
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Natural - infected
artificial - take infection from someone and transfer

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9
Q

susceptibility

A

body’s vulnerability to disease

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10
Q

immunotherapy

A

biologic therapy a type of cancer treatment

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11
Q

potential overreaction of the body’s immune system

A

“cytokine storm”

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12
Q

adaptive immune response

A

SPECIFIC immune response to SPECIFIC PATHOGENS once they have breached innate immunity

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13
Q

A battery of responses to prevent and invasion

A

innate response

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14
Q

Immune memory

A

follows the adaptive response, when mature adaptive cells, HIGHLY SPECIFIC TO THE ORIGINAL PATHOGEN, are retained for LATER use

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15
Q

How does the immune system prevent diseases

A

prevent entry of pathogen
neutralize and remove pathogens after they have entered the body
destroy body’s own cells that have changed due to an illness

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15
Q

remember the previous assault and protect when encountered again

A

adaptive responses

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16
Q

What are the cellular components of the immune system

A

Bone marrow
Myeloid cells
Lymphoid cells

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17
Q

Importance of bone marrow

A

contains stem cells, PRECURSORS for ALL immune cells (not all animals have bones, fish)

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18
Q

Lymphoid Cells

A

B cells and T cells, Natural killer (NK) cells

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18
Q

Myeloid cells

A

eosinophiles, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages

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19
Q

Immune cells constantly circulate throughout the bloodstream, ready to react to foreign invasion

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What are the organs of the immune system

A

PRIMARY lymphoid organs (where lymphocytes are formed and mature) –> thymus, bone marrow

SECONDARY lymphoid organs (peripheral lymphoid organs - maintain mature naive lymphocytes) - lymph node, spleen, Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

Thymus Gland

A

in thoracic cavity
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN of the immune system

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21
Q

Lymphatic system

A

network of vessels and tissues composed of LYMPH and extracellular fluid, and organs such as the thymus and LYMPH NODES

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22
Developing T-cells are referred to as thymocytes and are of hematopoietic origin
True
22
where do T cells or T lymphocytes mature
thymus gland
23
Where are immune cells carried through and what do they converge into
lymphatic system lymph nodes
24
Line of defenses
first: innate and nonspecific second: innate and nonspecific third: adaptive and specific
25
First line of defense
skin and mucous membranes physical barriers chemical barriers normal microbiota the gut microbiome
26
features of cells involved in innate system
respond quickly and broadly, typically leading to inflammation
27
Second line of defense
Neutrophiles eosinophiles monocytes/macrophages (inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances)
28
disorders in innate cell function may cause
chronic susceptibility
29
Origin and development of immune cells
origin - precursors in the BONE MARROW mature in series of changes in different locations
30
granulocytes and examples
granules in their cytoplasm neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
31
neutrophils
most abundant white blood cells (predominant cell inpus - white color) PHAGOCYTE
32
basophils
least common granulocyte release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals
33
eosinophils
allergic responses & asthma fight parasitic/helminth colonization PHAGOCYTE
34
mast cells
play a key role in inflammation allergy and anaphylaxis
35
lymphocytes
most involved in specific immunity (adaptive) T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells (NK cells)
35
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes monocytes
35
monocytes
circulate in the blood, leave the blood and MATURE INTO MACROPHAGES IN TISSUES - PHAGOCYTE-
35
tissue cells
histiocytes
35
liver cells
Kupffer cell phagocytic cells involved in breakdown of red blood cells
35
brain cells
microglia
35
skin cells
Langerhan's cells & dendritic cells
35
bone cells
osteoclast
35
what are the stages of phagocytosis
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion 5. elimination
35
Opsonization
when a microbe is marked for destruction by phagocytes
35
chemotaxis
chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms (how phagocytes know what to attack)
35
opsonin
an antibody or other substance that binds to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
36
Adherence
attachment of phagocytic membrane to microorganisms or foreign material
36
Ingestion
Pseudopods engulf the organism and form a phagosome or phagocytic vehicle
37
Digestion
cytoplasm phagosome fuses with lysosome --> phagolysosome
38
lysosome
organelle in cytoplasm containing enzymes
39
Elimination
residual body
39
what is the purpose of inflammation
serves to destroy the infectious agent , to confine it, repair or replaces the damaged tissue
39
WHAT ARE THE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
redness pain heat swelling loss of function
39
acute vs. chronic inflammation
acute --> intense and for short time chronic --> less intense and long lasting
39
antimicrobial substances
working directly on invading components produced my hepatocytes * complement * interferons * iron binding proteins * antimicrobial peptides
40
Purpose of fever
response to raise the body's temp enough to kill certain bacteria and viruses that are sensitive to temp changes
41
complement
innate > 30 proteins destroy microbes by: enhances phagocytosis inflammation cytolysis (Membrane attack complex MAC)
41
What are the three complement pathaways
classical alternative - most important lectin pathway
42
membrane attack complex
polymerization of C5-C9 another name --> terminal complement complex
42
basic functions of complement
opsonization chemotaxis cell lysis
43
activation for both classical and alternative complement pathways
C3
43
interferons (IFNs)
a group of signaling (cytokines) released by host cells in response to infection with pathogens such as viruses Interferon alpha Interferon beta Interferon gamma
44
bacteria require iron
True
44
Iron binding proteins
bind tightly which make it unavailable for microbial use, limiting growth
45
iron binding proteins
transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin
46
humoral response or immunity
aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules present in extracellular fluids SECRETED ANTIBODIES
46
what is another name for adaptive immunity
acquired immunity
47
what play a crucial role in proper function of the innate immune system
pattern recognition receptor
47
antigen
any substance (usually proteins or large polysacchrides) that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it
47
third line of defense
specific (adaptive immunity)
47
Epitope
specific piece of an antigen that an antibody binds to (part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system)
48
Hapten
an incomplete antigen attach to a carrier molecule to induce antibody response
49
antibodies
proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig) produced during humoral immune response by a B cell called a plasma cell
50
One antibody molecule has two identical antigen binding sites which binds to antigen epitopes
True
51
Valence
the number of antigen binding sites in an antibody - (typically 2 - y shape)
52
what part of the antibody structure determines the class of antibody
stem/tail --> Fc region (Fragment crystalized)
53
Antibody Structure
2 valence y shape two identical heavy chains and two light chains
54
What antibody is the most present in serum antibody
IgG - 80%
55
what immunoglobulin is placental transfer
IgG
56
IgM function
especially effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigen; first antibodies produced in response to initial infection
57
IgA location
secretions
58
IgD location
B cell surface, blood lymph
59
IgE function
allergic reactions; possibly lysis of parasitic worms
60
Humoral response - extracellular pathogens
B-cells with a specific receptor encounters extracellular antigens B- cells work in collaboration with helper T cells which secrete chemicals called cytokines Leads to proliferation and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells Plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies against that particular antigen
61
Memory response
also known as anamnestic repsonse secondary immune response
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Microbiology (4 decks)

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