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Microbiology > Intro and Molecular Biology (block one) > Flashcards

Intro and Molecular Biology (block one) Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is microbiology important in veterinary curriculum?

A

Gain knowledge about infectious disease in animals
Diagnose - treat - prevent

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2
Q

What is the study of microbiology

A

study of small life

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3
Q

what are microbes

A

tiny living organism that can only be seen with a microscopes

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4
Q

Beneficial microbes

A

bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol
probiotics fermentation
antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins

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5
Q

harmful microbes

A

disease
food spoilage

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6
Q

one health model

A

healthy people, healthy animals, healthy environment
old concept –> new saying

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7
Q

global health

A

zoonotic disease control
outbreak preparedness
address antimicrobial resistance
food safe and security

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8
Q

Spontaneous Generation Debate

A

debate on whether life just appeared or of it had to come from living organisms

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9
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

Aristotle
life forming from non-living matter

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10
Q

abiogenesis

A

theory that addressed the actual origins of life on Earth
- life arises naturally from non-living matter

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11
Q

What was thought to be the stepping stone to the origin of life

A

protocell

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11
Q

what did scientists speculate that life may have arisen from

A

random chemical processes happening to produce self-replicating molecules

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12
Q

Louis Pasteur and his notable contributions

A

disproved spontaneous theory –> swan flasks(complex living things only come from other living things, by means of reproduction)
proposed germ theory
rabies vaccine –> John Meister

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13
Q

Joseph Lister

A

father of antiseptic surgery
introduced clean gloves/insisted washing your hands
carbolic acid (phenol)

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14
Q

Edward Jenner

A

father of immunology
cowpox for smallpox

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15
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

work involved introducing more science to medicine

father of modern pathology (zoonosis) –> founder of social medicine and veterinary pathology

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16
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

penicillin
lysozyme could kill bacteria –> first bosy secretion shown to have chemotherapuetic properties

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17
Q

Ferdinand J. Cohn

A

Classified bacteria into four groups based on shape (spherical, rod, threads, spirals_

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18
Q

Edouard Chatton

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems

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19
Q

Elie Metchnikoff

A

phagocytosis (eating of cells)
father of natural immunity

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20
Q

David Bruce

A

investigated ‘malta fever’ (brucellosis) & trypanosomes
identifying the cause of sleeping sickness

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21
Q

what is a species

A

sexually reproducing organisms –> a population that can reproduce fertile offspring

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22
Q

current three domain classification

A

archaea (no peptidoglycan)
bacteria (peptidoglycan cell wall - gram staining)
eukaryotes
-Carl Woese

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23
Q

examples of prokaryotes

A

bacteria - e. coli, streptococcus
archaea - methanogens, extreme halophiles or thermophiles

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24
examples of eukaryotes
Fungi, protozoans, algae
25
How do we learn about relationships between living objects?
fossils --> fossil records DNA --> comparative sequencing of genetic material (DNA/RNA) among organisms comparative homologies --> similar anatomy & physiology because of shared ancestry
26
methods of identifying bacteria and other micro-eukaryotes
gram staining shape biochemical tests --> ELISA, API
27
Correct order of Koch's Postulates
find, isolate, cause disease, re-isolate (four criteria)
28
Koch's first postulate
abandoned universal requirement in first postulate (find) --> asymptematic carriers
29
Koch's third postulate
third postulate specifies "should" and not "must" (cause disease - not all people get infected)
30
Koch's second postulate
may also be suspended (Isolated ) certain microorganisms or entities that cannot be grown in pure culture
31
what are the six major elements all biological macromolecules are made of
Carbon (C) - present in all Hydrogen (H) - present in all Oxygen (O) - present in all Nitrogen (N) Sulphur (S) Phosphorus (P)
32
what do all living things have in common
plasma membrane ATP for energy DNA - genetic info ribosomes
33
systems of classifications
dynamic theories developed by us to express views about history of organisms
34
taxonomy
science of classification of living objects taxo - orderly arrangment
35
two kingdoms
vegetabilia animalia
36
binomial nomenclature
formal naming of a living organism Genus speies (write --> underling, type --> italicize)
37
bacterial nomenclature
1. descriptive 2. scientists name 3. geographic places 4. organizations
37
what is the gold standard of identifying bacteria
PCR
37
methods of identifying bacteria
culture and analysis of morphological characteristics --> gram stain, acid fast stain biochemical tests --> ELISA, API serology --> agglutination tests page typing fatty acid profiles nucleic acid base testing mass spectrometry
38
Classification of Parasites
Protozoan - single cell Metazoan - more complex, multicellular
39
Identification of parasites
morphology molecular techniques (DNA sequencing) host specificity geographical location tissue tropism
40
molecular biology
the study of the molecular foundation of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function
41
molecular biology is interactions between
DNA RNA Proteins and their biosynthesis
42
central dogma of molecular biology
genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein --> oversimplified picture but good start undergoing revision in light of emerging novel roles for RNA
43
genetic material must be able to
contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism pass from parent to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division be accurately copied account for the known variation within and between species
44
history of DNA
postulated a biochemical basis for genetic info thought chromosomes carried genetic info (protein portion of chromosomes)
45
45
Frederick Griffith's experiment and conclusion
streptococcus pneumoniae strain secreting smooth capsule --> fatal in mice rough capsule --> non-fatal genetic info from heat-killed s bacteria had been transferred to the living r bacteria
46
47
who discovered DNA was genetic info
Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn McCarty interested in Griffith's bacterial transformation - used purification methods to reveal DNA is genetic info
48
who proposed DNA was a double helix
James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins
49
structure of nucleic acid
polymer chain of nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base --> basic building blocks)
50
DNA structure
double helix sugar-phosphate backbone BASES ON THE INSIDE stabilized by hydrogen bonding base pairs with specific pairing
51
3 components to DNA
phosphate group pentose sugar (DEOXYRIBOSE) nitrogenous base
52
DNA nitrogenous base
purines (double ring) * Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) pyrimidines * cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)
53
three components of RNA
phosphate group pentose sugar (RIBOSE) nitrogenous base
54
RNA nitrogenous base
purines (double ring) * Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) pyrimidines * cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)
55
phosphodiester bond
phosphate group links two sugars
56
directionality of DNA strands
5' to 3'
57
is the nitrogenous base an organic molecule that consists or one or two ring structures
Yes
58
Chargaff's Rule
A pairs with T G pairs with C
59
major groove
where proteins bind --> regulate transcription or replications
60
DNA helicase
replication --> binds to DNA travels 5' to 3' using ATP to separate strand and move fork forward
61
DNA topoisomerase
replication relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork
61
Single-strand bind protein
keeps parental strands open
62
why is DNA replication very accurate
1. hydrogen bonding between A&T or G&C more stable than mismatches 2. active site of DNA polymerase unlikely to form bonds if pairs are mismatched 3. DNA polymerase removes mismatched pairs
63
genome
all of the living's thing genetic material --> entire set of hereditary instructions for building, running, and maintaining an organism and passing life on to the next generation
63
do genomes belong to a species
yes though unique for every one genome is still species recognizable dog genome, cow genome, human genome
64
main function of mitochondria
metabolize or break carbohydrates or fatty acids --> generate ATP
65
endosymbiotic hypothesis and mitochondria history
mitochondria and other organelles like plastids (chloroplasts) therefore have a prokaryotic origin.
66
plasmid
small, circular, double-stranded DNA (distinct from cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently)
66
Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell, and are often used as drug targets for chemotherapy
True
67
Plasmid's being transmitted from one bacterium to another is a host-to-host transfer of genetic material and is called horizontal gene transfer
True
67
can plasmids be transmitted from one bacterium to another
yes
68
blotting
western - proteins northern - RNA southern - DNA
69
who invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis
70
PCR
process: amplify specific DNA fragments from genomic DNA, genes etc.
71
Components of a PCR reaction
template DNA Oligonucleotide primers (complimentary single stranded DNA) DNTP (deoxynucleotides --> A, T, G, C) Taq polymerase (very thermostable polymerase) the correct conditions (buffers [Mg Cl2])
72
endosymbiotic theory
Lynn Margulis evolutionary theory that explains origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes. states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated through symbiosis events
73
Real time PCR
monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR in real time and not at its end (conventional PCR, NO GEL)
74
dPCR
digital PCR main difference --> method of measuring nucleic acids (carries out a single reaction w/in a sample, the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually) --> more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts
75
R-T PCR
Reverse transcription PCR commonly used to detect RNA expression
76
Recombinant DNA technology
Joining together of DNA molecules from different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of interest

Microbiology (4 decks)

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