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BMS 150 2.0 > Immunology - Concepts in Barrier Immunity > Flashcards

Immunology - Concepts in Barrier Immunity Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are claudins?

A

transmembrane proteins that can act as channels for small molecules (paracellular)

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2
Q

What are occludins?

A

transmembrane protein, function not clear

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3
Q

What are junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

A

transmembrane protein that may mediate permeability to larger molecules

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4
Q

What are ZO-proteins

A

important in tight junction formation, interact with the cytoskeleton

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5
Q

What does filaggrin do?

A

help compact keratin and attracts water, aiding in skin moisturization

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6
Q

where are mast cells derived from?

A

granulocyte-monocyte progenitors

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7
Q

where do mast cells mature?

A

peripheral tissues that they migrate into

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8
Q

what are the signals that promote survival and migration of mast cells?

A

high circulating IgE
IL-4
IL-33

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9
Q

Mast cell’s survival is inhibited by ?

A

IFN-y

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10
Q

once mast cells migrate to a tissue, they tend to live for ?

A

months

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11
Q

what are the functions of mast cells?

A
  • express the Fc receptor for IgE
  • express many PRRs - when they are activated, degranulation can also occur
  • granule contents are pre-synthesized - when the mast cell is activated, they can be released instantly or a few at a time
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12
Q

Tell me about the mediator histamine?

A

it is a granule - increased permeability of small vesselss, increased mucous secretion, vasodilation, contraction of smooth muscle

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13
Q

explain mast cell activity sequentially

A
  1. mast cells are recruited into tissue
  2. become sensitized - increased expression of Fc receptors for IgE, increased granule production
  3. a stimulus causes degranulation, resulting in an acute response
  4. over time, 1 of 3 options:
    - full resolution and tissues resumes normal appearance and function
    - mast cells expres “pro-fibrotic” growth factors
    - tissue develops features of type II inflammation
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14
Q

what are the mast cell factors that stimulate tissue remodelling?

A
  • typical Th2 cytokines
  • TGF-beta
  • Growth factors - FGF, PDGF, VEGF
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15
Q

what are major players in the network of events known as type II inflammation?

A

mast cells

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16
Q

what are crucial for the defense against parasites, worms, and venoms?

A

mast cells

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17
Q

mast cells are always ?

A

“pro-inflammatory”

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18
Q

Eosinophils are derived from the ?

A

myeloid lineage

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19
Q

what is the major cytokine that induces proliferation and activation of eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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20
Q

what promotes the migration of eosinophils from blood into peripheral tissues?

A

eotaxin

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21
Q

eosinophils are normally found in ? in healthy barrier tissues

A

very low numbers

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22
Q

eosinophils are ? in most cases

A

short-lived cells (days)

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23
Q

like mast cells, eosinophils can release ?

A

mediators from pre-formed granules or produce them on demand

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24
Q

what are the eosinophil granule contents:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • major basic protein - cationic protein
  • eosinophil peroxidase
  • cytokines - IL-4, IL-13, TNF-a
25
what does the cationic protein of the eosinophil granules do?
- toxic to bacterial and eukaryotic cells - increases membrane permeability - causes activation, degranulation of mast cells and can activate complement
26
what does the eosinophil peroxidase of the eosinophil granules do?
free radical generator
27
eosinophils and mast cells "use" IgE is somewhat different. How?
Mast cells live for long periods in connective tissue – they "grab" IgE out of the circulation and "hold it", waiting to detect an allergen or microbe Eosinophils only migrate into a tissue when they are "called in" during an inflammatory stimulus - Once they're arrived, high levels of IgE will bind to the Fc receptor and then the eosinophil will detect that pathogen/allergen
28
What are the 3 major types of innate lymphoid cells?
- NK cells - "resident" ILCs - NKT cells
29
what are NK cells?
cytotoxic monitor and responder to abnormal-looking or stressed cells
30
what are the types of "resident" ILCs?
Type 1 ILC Type 2 ILC Type 3 ILC
31
what are Type 1 ILCs and what do they secrete?
secrete cytokines such as IFN-y and TNF-a -> pushes the barrier into a type 1 response and favours the development of Th1 cells
32
what are Type 2 ILCs and what do they secrete?
secrete cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 -> "pushes" the barrier into a "type 2" response and favours the development of Th2 cells
33
what are Type 3 ILCs and what do they secrete?
secrete IL-17, IFN-y -> effective against extracellular bacteria, also contribute to lymphoid tissue development at the barrier
34
ILCs are derived from what?
lymphoid lineage
35
do ILCs have PRR?
no
36
ILC1 are activated by what?
the presence of IL-12
37
ILC2 are activated by what?
alarmins and IL-2
38
alarmins typically elicit what responses?
Th2 response
39
what are the ILC2 alarmins?
- IL-25 - IL-33 - TSLP - thymic stromal lymphopoietin
40
IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP push a barrier tissue towards secretion of what cytokines?
Th2-type cytokines
41
what are keratinocytes?
water-proof barrier that prevents movement of antigens/microbes into the dermis
42
what are the antimicrobial proteins that keratinocytes secrete?
psoriasin and cathelicidins
43
what are langerhans cells?
specialized dendritic cells found in the epidermis that extend processes between keratinocytes
44
more lymphocytes tend to be found in the ? than in the ?
dermis epidermis
45
all 3 types of ILC are found, as well as resident macrophages within the ?
dermis
46
what are key in limiting the penetration of antigens/microbes into the dermis?
filaggrins and tight junctions
47
what are the NALT?
tonsils and adenoids
48
NALT are major sites for?
Th polarization and antibody production in URTIs
49
what are the SALT?
the palpable lymph nodes you can feel outside the ones associated with the neck
50
what is the most common cause of atopic dermatitis?
filaggrin abnormalities
51
what is the second most common cause of atopic dermatitis?
abnormalities in claudins (tight junctions)
52
Langerhans cells in particular are good at causing Th cells to become polarized to
Th2 cells
53
In langerhans cells, the costimulator that seem to induce Th2 development is
OX40-OX40L interaction between the langerhans cell and the naive Th cell
54
what seems to drive the expression of OX40 in the dendritic cell (langerhans)
TSLP
55
Why does atopic dermatitis itch so much?
Itching will of course contribute to damaging the skin barrier – loss of moisture - This dryness, damage and the release of alarmins seems to somehow increase neuronal sprouting of pain/itch C-fibres within the dermis and epidermis Histamine, TSLP, and some Th2 cytokines also seem to contribute to the itching sensation
56
Influenza invades the respiratory epithelial cell by bind to the ?
glycocalyx
57
Epithelial cells and dendritic cells detect influenza via what?
TLR7 (viral RNA) and RIG-like receptors
58
what is released once epithelial cells and dendritic cells detect influenza?
- IL-1B, IL-23 released -> activation of ILC2 cells - Type I IFNs released -> activation of NK cells

BMS 150 2.0 (14 decks)

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