immunology I

Question 1

common CBC trend seen in acute bacterial infection

Answer 1

• increased neutrophils

Question 2

common CBC trend seen in acute parasitic infection

Answer 2

• increased Eosinophils

Question 3

common CBC trend seen in acute viral infection

Answer 3

• increased lymphoctyes

Question 4

immunogenicity

Answer 4

the capacity to induce an immune response by foreign, complex, high molecular weight compounds

Question 5

Antigenicity

Answer 5

ability to bind to Ig or immune cells; an immune response need not result

Question 6

the site on an antigenat which a specific antibody becomes attached

Answer 6

epitope

Question 7

a partial antigen; a specific nonprotein substance which does not itself elicit antibody formation but does elicit the immune response when coupled with a carrier protein

Answer 7

hapten

Question 8

an antibody that reacts with an antigen other than the one that induced its production

Answer 8

cross-reacting antibody

Question 9

characterizes which immune system:

• rapidly mobilized first line of defense
• not dependent on prior exposure to foreign invader
• non-specific
• response does NOT increase with repeat exposure

Answer 9

innate (natural, native) immune system

Question 10

describe the “respiratory burst” of innate immune system

Answer 10

• membrane-bound NADPH system produces
  
  • superoxide radicals
  • hyperchlorous acid
  • H2O2
  • chloramines

Question 11

list granulocyte cells that are part of innate immunity

Answer 11

• neutrophil
• eosinophil
• basophil
• mast cell

Question 12

list components of innate immunity

Answer 12

• macrophages
• granulocytes
• natural killer cells
• complement
• physical barriers

Question 13

name “Barriers” component of innate immune system

Answer 13

• skin
• commensal bacteria: normal bacterial flora
  
  • compete with potential pathogens
• mucous membranes
  
  • tears
  • saliva
  • mucus
  • gastric secretions

Question 14

what does mucus contain that protects against gram positive bacteria

Answer 14

lysozyme

Question 15

basophils and mast cells share a progenitor. where does each settle to mature

Answer 15

• basophils mature in the bone marrow
• mast cells mature in tissues

Question 16

list the first step of inflammation after tissue/cell has been damaged

Answer 16

1. damaged tissue and/or cell mediated histamine release
   
   1. vasodilation and leaky capillaries

Question 17

which granulocyte is this:

• least common
• circulate in bloodstream
• allergic and helminth responses
• release histamine and heparin

Answer 17

basophils

Question 18

basophils secrete what two compounds that result in reduction of clotting and increased blood flow

Answer 18

• histamine
• heparin

Question 19

which granulocyte is this

• present primarily in GI and respiratory tract
• release oxygen radicals to kill microbes
• active in allergic rxns and asthma
• stimulate T-lymphocytes

Answer 19

eosinophils

Question 20

eosinophils release what compound that causes airway smooth muscle contraction

Answer 20

leukotrienes

Question 21

which of the granylocytes is weakly phagocytic

Answer 21

eosinophils

Question 22

which of the granulocytes is particularly active against bacteria

Answer 22

neutrophils

Question 23

which of the granulocytes is known as “first responder”

Answer 23

neutrophils

Question 24

which granulocyte is this

• most abundant of the granulocytes
• circulate in bloodstream
• first responder
• release cytokines to amplify immune response

Answer 24

neutrophils

Question 25

which of the granulocytes is strongly phagocytic

Answer 25

neutrophils

Question 26

mast cells release what two compounds that result in vasodilation

Answer 26

* histamine * heparin

Question 27

when will mast cells degranulate?

Answer 27

* injured * exposed to complement proteins * activated

Question 28

which cells are primarily responsible for anaphylaxis

Answer 28

mast cells: massive release of histamine * body-wide vasodilation

Question 29

monocytes give rise to what two cell types

Answer 29

* dendritic cells * macrophages

Question 30

monocytes develop in bone marrow and 50% migrate to which organ

Answer 30

spleen

Question 31

major function of dendritic cells

Answer 31

antigen presenting cells * antigens are captured by dendritic cells who then migrate to the nearest lymph node and present the antigen to T cells and B cells

Question 32

what are specialized dendritic cells in skin called

Answer 32

Langerhans cells

Question 33

primary function of macrophages

Answer 33

* large phagocytes * act as antigen presenting cells

Question 34

macrophages have what 3 stages of readiness

Answer 34

1. **resting**: cleaning up cellular debris 2. **primed**: APCs, engulf bacteria 3. **hyper-activated**: inflammatory cytokines cause macrophages to enlarge and start rapidly eating pathogens

Question 35

specialized macrophages within the liver

Answer 35

Kupffer cells

Question 36

chronic activation of Kupffer cells (toxins, ETOH) leads to what

Answer 36

* overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and chronic inflammation * liver cell damage * CA

Question 37

function of natrual killer cells

Answer 37

* cytotoxic lymphocytes * \*\*dont need to recognize a pathogen to kill it * operate on a "kill" or "don't kill" system * can kill during resting phase but are better killers when activated

Question 38

killing activity of natrual killer cells is enhanced by what

Answer 38

cytokines secreted by macrophages

Question 39

how do natrual killer cells kill thier target

Answer 39

* release perforins and proteases that cause **cell membrane lysis or trigger apoptosis** * **​**can also cause apoptosis in thier target by _surface contact_

Question 40

complement function

Answer 40

proteins that work together to signal the other immune cells that the attack is ON!

Question 41

what activates complement

Answer 41

antigens

Question 42

where are complement proteins made

Answer 42

liver

Question 43

what is the most abundant complement protein in humans

Answer 43

C3

Question 44

opsonization

Answer 44

enhancing phagocytosis of antigens by "**marking**" them for destruction

Question 45

chemotaxis

Answer 45

* **attracting** and activating macrophages and neutrophils * inducing mast cells and basophils to **degranulate**

Question 46

function of membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 46

rupture pathogen cell membrane by disrupting osmotic balance * C5b forms a complex with C6, C7, C8, and C9 -\> MAC complex

Question 47

what are the two main complement pathways

Answer 47

1. classical pathway - bound IgG, IgM 2. alternative pathway - certain antigens

Question 48

the cells of the innate immune system are primarily derived from what cell

Answer 48

Myeloid progenitor cell