immunology II Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
acquired immunity is broken down into two parts. name them
A
- active: own antibodies are made
- natural: exposure to infectious agents
- artificial: immunization
- passive: ready-made antibodies
- natural: maternal antibodies
- articial: antibodies from other sources
2
Q
humoral immunity consists of what components
A
- B cells
- antibodies
3
Q
cell-mediated immunity consists of what components
A
- T-cells
- APC
- dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells
4
Q
what are the 4 attribute of adaptive immune system
A
-
antigen specificity
- targets specific pathogens
-
high diversity
- pathogens recognized and targeted
- immunologic memory
-
needs to be activated
- activated by exposure to antigens
5
Q
epitopes
A
distinctive markers of antigens
6
Q
antigens
A
markers of non-self
7
Q
cells of adaptive immune system are derived from what common cell
A
Lymphoid stem cell
8
Q
Name the primary lymphatic organs and their function
A
where B cells and T cells mature and differentiate
- Bone marrow (B cells)
- Thymus (T cells)
9
Q
name the secondary lymphatic organs
A
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils
- MALT: mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
10
Q
function of secondary lymphatic organs
A
- where mature antigen-specific B and T cells interact
- interact with eachother and antigen presenting cells
11
Q
Humoral immunity:
- mediated by:
- defense against:
A
- mediated by: B cells
- defense against: Extracellular pathogens
12
Q
Cell mediated immunity
- mediated by:
- defense against:
A
- mediated by: T cells
- defense against: Intracellular pathogens
13
Q
function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - known as HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
A
- cell surface molecules
- allow cells to recongize each other
14
Q
which cells have MHC-I
A
virtually all cells
15
Q
which cells have MHC-II
A
- B-cells
- dendritic cells
- activated macrophages and thymic epithelial cells
16
Q
MHC II molecules present antigen to what cells
A
T helper cells
17
Q
T helper cells have what receptors?
A
- T- cell receptor: responsible for recognizing antigens bound to MHC II
- CD4 co-receptor
18
Q
how do T-helper cells become activated
A
- T-helper cells look for APC
- binding of MHC II molecule with antigen activates T-helper cell
- activated T helper cell activate other cells by releasing cytokines
19
Q
where do humoral immunity take place
A
secondary lymphatic organs
20
Q
how do B cells come to display antigens via MHC II
A
- B cell sees an antigen
- binds to and engulfs antigen
- processes antigen and displays fragment as MHC II
21
Q
how do B cells differentiate into plasma and memory cells
A
- B cells interact with activated T helper cells which co-stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma and memory cells
22
Q
structure of antibodies
A
- 2 identical heavy H chains
- 2 identical light L chains
- tips of “Y” are variable: antigen binding site
23
Q
Primary response of humoral immunity
A
- B cells first encounter with antigen
- require T-helper cells to activate
- B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma and memory cells
24
Q
function of plasma cells (differentiated form of B cells)
A
make antibodies
25
what antibody is produced first? second?
1. IgM "I**m**mediate"
2. IgG follows
26
In humoral immunity **secondary response** (subsequent encounter of same antigen), previously generated B memory cells activate rapidly. which antibody is most involved?
IgG
27
direct action mechanisms of antibodies: binding of antibodies to antigens inactivtes antigens by what 5 mechanisms?
1. neutralization: neutralizes toxins; blocks binding of viruses and coats bacteria
2. agglutination of microbes
3. precipitation of dissolved antigens
4. opsonization: provides "handles" for phagocytosis
5. activation of complement system
28
which class of immunoglobins is primarly involved in secondary response
IgG
29
which class of immunoglobins are the only IgG which cross the placenta
IgG
30
half life of IgG
21 days
31
which class of immunoglobins is the major antibody against carbohydrates on bacterial cell walls
IgM
32
which class of immunoglobins is the predominant antibody formed by fetus and neonate
IgM
33
which class of immunoglobins is able to diffuse from vasculature
* IgG: small size
34
structure and half life of IgM
* pentamer
* half-life: 5-10 days
35
structure and half life of IgA
* monomer or dimer with J chain
* 6 days
36
location of IgA
mucosal areas
* gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract
37
structure and half life of IgD
* monomer
* 3 days
38
location of IgD
on mature B cell membranes; required for B cell activation
39
structure and half life of IgE
* monomer
* 2 days
40
function of IgE
* binding of IgE on mast cell or basophil results in **release of histamine**
* **defense of parasites**
41
which Antibodies are responsible for type II hypersentivity reactions
* antibodies bind to antigens on patient's own cell surface or fetus cells
* **IgM and IgG**
42
which class of antibody is responsible for type I hypersensitivity reaction
* allergy, gives, anaphylactic rxn
* **IgE**
43
what are the types of T cells
1. T-helper cell
2. T-memory cell
3. T-regulatory (suppressor cells)
4. cytotoxic T cell (T killer cell)
5. Natural T killer cell
44
function of T-regulatory (suppressor cells)
prevent immune reactions from getting out of hand
45
T killer cells (cytotoxic T cells) are activated how
by T helper cells
46
receptors on T killer cell
* T cell receptor
* CD8
47
what role do T cells have in Diabetes Mellitus Type I
* T cells target beta cells of pancreas
* patient can no longer make insulin
48
what role do T cells have in Multiple Sclerosis
* T cells target myelin proteins
* destruction myelin sheath
49
function of HIV virus
* destroys T helper cells
* impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
50
end product of activation of complement
MAC: membrane attack complex
51
how is complement activated
C1 binds to antigen-antibody and activates the cascade
