Impact of skill classification on structure of practice for learning Flashcards
1
Q
whole practice
methods of presenting practice
A
- practicing a skill in its entirety without breaking into sub-routines
- promotes understanding pf the skill, establishes links between sub-routines and creates kinesthetic
- EXAMPLE - cycling
2
Q
when do we use whole practice
methods of presenting practice
A
- when a skill is fast , ballistic and sicrete
- when skill is highly organised and cannot be broken down into subroutines
- the skill is simple and does not require much thought
- when the performer needs to get a feel for the whole skill (kinesthesis)
- the performer is advanced and in the autonomous stage of learning
3
Q
advantages of whole practice
methods of presenting practice
A
- gives a feel for the skill as the links between sub-routines are maintained (kinaesthic)
- creates a mental image of the skill which is stored in LTM
- more realistic than part practice therefore helps transfer of leraning
- helps make the skill more consistent and habitual
4
Q
disadvantages of whole practice
methods of presenting practice
A
- sometimes place unnecessary demands on the performer meaning they are unable to cope
- more likely to fatigue quicker
- infomation overload if no breaks occur
5
Q
whole part whole practice
methods of presenting practice
A
- the performer firstly practice the skill as a whole
- each subroutine can then be highlighted and practised individually
- the ;earner can practicea weaker subroutine in isolation to improve this aspect of the skill
- once practised and perfected would then put back together the whole skill
- EXAMPLE - swimming (bilateral breathing) - kick board and breathing
6
Q
advantages of whole part whole
methods of presenting practice
A
- can provide motivation when success is achieved
- provides immediate feedback therefore errors are corrected quicker
- fluency and integration of subroutines can still be maintained
- suitable for high complex skills and low organisation skills
7
Q
disadvantages of whole part whole
methods of presenting practice
A
- may produce negative transfer if the practiced subroutine is not intergrated back into the skill in the same session
- more time consuming
- not suitable for high organised skills
8
Q
progressive part practice
methods of presenting practice
A
- chaining - linking the subroutines together in a specifc order
- the first part of the skill is taugh then the rest are added in sequence
- ideal when teaching serial skills, when the order of the subroutines are important
- good for more dangerous skills, such as trampolings seqence
- EXAMPLE - triple jump - hope , skip , jump
9
Q
advantages of progressive part
methods of presenting practice
A
- good for low organised skills, serial skills that can be broken down
- can build intial understanding and may improve confidence
- allows both player and coach to focus on specific weakness that needs to be developed
10
Q
disadvanatges of progressive part
methods of presenting practice
A
- may affect the performers ability to transfer each subroutines into the whole skill
- mau lose the overall kinaesthetic sense of skill
- extermely time consuming
11
Q
overlearning
types of practice
A
- is when the performer has already perfected the skill being learned but still carries on practising
- this extra time can strengthen motor programmes and schema
12
Q
schema theory
types of practice
A
- a schema is a store of infomation in the long term memory
- example - infomation about the environment and kinesthic feedback
13
Q
types of practice
types of practice
A
- massed
- varied
- distrubted
- mental
14
Q
massed practice
types of practice
A
- learners practice continously a skill without any breaks or rest periods
- used for skills that are discrete , simple and closed
- good for expirence, highly motivated learners who have good levels of fitness
- EXAMPLE - basket ball players practicing shooting
15
Q
advantages of massed practice
types of practice
A
- promotes fitness - performer can cope with extended demands of a task
- good for making skills habitual as numerous repetitions can occur
- efficient use of players and coaches time
- motor programmes can be stored more easily
16
Q
disadvanatges of massed practice
types of practice
A
- can cause fatigue espically if the performer lacks fitness
- this could lead to negative transfer unless the coach makes realistic practice situations
- the demands on performer are high , so the drills should be simple and the player needs to be motivated
- difficult for beginners
17
Q
distributed practice
types of practice
A
- pracite sessions that have rest intervals
- could be used when performer open skills and the coach wishes to explain or add to the drill
- good for learning continous skills
- EXAMPLE- swimming
18
Q
advantages of distrubted practice
types of practice
A
- rest periods allow for recovery time (mentally and physically)
- this provides an oppurtunity for the learner to recieve extrinsic feedback on how to improve
- rest intervals allow the leraner to permit mental practice
- good for beginners and when the skill is dangerous
- good increase motivation
19
Q
disadvanatges of distrubuted practice
types of practice
A
- time consuming - shouldnt be used when tight for time or a compettion coming up
- not as useful for expert players who need to advance
- negative transfer could occur if the rest period isnt intergrated back into the session
20
Q
varied practice
types of practice
A
- where a skill is practice in many different environments
- most suitable method for the practice for open/externally paced skills where the environment in unpredicatble
- it is essential that practice conditions should be realistic as possible
- EXAMPLE - a netball mini game 5 v 4 focusing on passing, positioning play abd support will improve in an enviorment that is realistic to the game
21
Q
advantages of varied practice
types of practice
A
- the performer is able to adapt the skill to suit different environments
- may add motivation due to the different practice conditions
- helps build subroutines within a skill
- helps to adapt existing schemas
22
Q
disadvantages of varied practice
types of practice
A
- can be time consuming
- negative transfer can occure unless the aims of the practice sessions are explained
- unneccesary demands may be placed on the performer so fatigue can set in
- beginners may stuggle as there are many things to focus on
23
Q
mental practice
types of practice
A
- where a performer goes through the movement in their mind without physical movement occuring
- great when combined with physcial practice
- may ise during warm up to aid preparation
- a performer may rehearse a set move or a routine in their mind before a perforamce
- EXAMPLE - rhythmic gymnastics
24
Q
internal mental practice
types of practice
A
- imagining what the skill feels like to perform
25
external mental practice
| types of practice
* forming an image of yourself performing the skill
26
beginners mental practice
| types of practice
* may use mental practice during a distrubted practice session
* should be used to lower arousal and anxiety , build confidence and to provide basic picture of the skill
27
expert mental practice
| types of practice
* mental practice should be established and can be used for major games
* specifc tactics , strategies and opponents can be focused on
28
advanatges of mental practice
| types of practice
* can improve confidence and lower anxiety
* can stimulate muscle receptors therefore reaction times are increased
* can improved decision making ability
* can ve done when injured , helping to maintain the memory of a skill
29
disadvantages of mental practice
| types of practice
* should not be used as an alternative to physical practice (mental not as efficent on its own)
* must be done in a calm enviornment
